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three-for-one principle

  • 1 three-for-one principle

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > three-for-one principle

  • 2 three-for-one principle

    разг. принцип уничтожения тремя ракетами одной цели

    Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > three-for-one principle

  • 3 three for one principle

    n принцип знищення трьома ракетами однієї цілі

    English-Ukrainian military dictionary > three for one principle

  • 4 principle

    hot gas cycle principle — принцип реактивного привода (несущего винта) с дожиганием топлива в концевых горелках, турбореактивный принцип

    Englsh-Russian aviation and space dictionary > principle

  • 5 Cranky Checks

    This is one of the oldest cloths made for West Africa, and still finds a sale. It is a blue and white check, with designs about 2-in. square, coarse yarns all through. The style of checking is draughtboard type with the squares filled with blue and white lines on the hairline principle. The fabric is usually 36-in. finished, 20 yards, and headed at each end with a three green, one red, heading. The finish is the usual stiff finish, and a good quality is 37-in. soft, 20 yards, 89/3 of 16's grey and 16's indigo twist, with 24 picks per inch of 16's indigo and 18's cop weft. Made in Radcliffe-and Rochdale. When woven with double ends and picks it is termed a Zanzibar shirting.

    Dictionary of the English textile terms > Cranky Checks

  • 6 near cash

    !
    гос. фин. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    This paper provides background information on the framework for the planning and control of public expenditure in the UK which has been operated since the 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR). It sets out the different classifications of spending for budgeting purposes and why these distinctions have been adopted. It discusses how the public expenditure framework is designed to ensure both sound public finances and an outcome-focused approach to public expenditure.
    The UK's public spending framework is based on several key principles:
    "
    consistency with a long-term, prudent and transparent regime for managing the public finances as a whole;
    " "
    the judgement of success by policy outcomes rather than resource inputs;
    " "
    strong incentives for departments and their partners in service delivery to plan over several years and plan together where appropriate so as to deliver better public services with greater cost effectiveness; and
    "
    the proper costing and management of capital assets to provide the right incentives for public investment.
    The Government sets policy to meet two firm fiscal rules:
    "
    the Golden Rule states that over the economic cycle, the Government will borrow only to invest and not to fund current spending; and
    "
    the Sustainable Investment Rule states that net public debt as a proportion of GDP will be held over the economic cycle at a stable and prudent level. Other things being equal, net debt will be maintained below 40 per cent of GDP over the economic cycle.
    Achievement of the fiscal rules is assessed by reference to the national accounts, which are produced by the Office for National Statistics, acting as an independent agency. The Government sets its spending envelope to comply with these fiscal rules.
    Departmental Expenditure Limits ( DEL) and Annually Managed Expenditure (AME)
    "
    Departmental Expenditure Limit ( DEL) spending, which is planned and controlled on a three year basis in Spending Reviews; and
    "
    Annually Managed Expenditure ( AME), which is expenditure which cannot reasonably be subject to firm, multi-year limits in the same way as DEL. AME includes social security benefits, local authority self-financed expenditure, debt interest, and payments to EU institutions.
    More information about DEL and AME is set out below.
    In Spending Reviews, firm DEL plans are set for departments for three years. To ensure consistency with the Government's fiscal rules departments are set separate resource (current) and capital budgets. The resource budget contains a separate control total for “near cash” expenditure, that is expenditure such as pay and current grants which impacts directly on the measure of the golden rule.
    To encourage departments to plan over the medium term departments may carry forward unspent DEL provision from one year into the next and, subject to the normal tests for tautness and realism of plans, may be drawn down in future years. This end-year flexibility also removes any incentive for departments to use up their provision as the year end approaches with less regard to value for money. For the full benefits of this flexibility and of three year plans to feed through into improved public service delivery, end-year flexibility and three year budgets should be cascaded from departments to executive agencies and other budget holders.
    Three year budgets and end-year flexibility give those managing public services the stability to plan their operations on a sensible time scale. Further, the system means that departments cannot seek to bid up funds each year (before 1997, three year plans were set and reviewed in annual Public Expenditure Surveys). So the credibility of medium-term plans has been enhanced at both central and departmental level.
    Departments have certainty over the budgetary allocation over the medium term and these multi-year DEL plans are strictly enforced. Departments are expected to prioritise competing pressures and fund these within their overall annual limits, as set in Spending Reviews. So the DEL system provides a strong incentive to control costs and maximise value for money.
    There is a small centrally held DEL Reserve. Support from the Reserve is available only for genuinely unforeseeable contingencies which departments cannot be expected to manage within their DEL.
    AME typically consists of programmes which are large, volatile and demand-led, and which therefore cannot reasonably be subject to firm multi-year limits. The biggest single element is social security spending. Other items include tax credits, Local Authority Self Financed Expenditure, Scottish Executive spending financed by non-domestic rates, and spending financed from the proceeds of the National Lottery.
    AME is reviewed twice a year as part of the Budget and Pre-Budget Report process reflecting the close integration of the tax and benefit system, which was enhanced by the introduction of tax credits.
    AME is not subject to the same three year expenditure limits as DEL, but is still part of the overall envelope for public expenditure. Affordability is taken into account when policy decisions affecting AME are made. The Government has committed itself not to take policy measures which are likely to have the effect of increasing social security or other elements of AME without taking steps to ensure that the effects of those decisions can be accommodated prudently within the Government's fiscal rules.
    Given an overall envelope for public spending, forecasts of AME affect the level of resources available for DEL spending. Cautious estimates and the AME margin are built in to these AME forecasts and reduce the risk of overspending on AME.
    Together, DEL plus AME sum to Total Managed Expenditure (TME). TME is a measure drawn from national accounts. It represents the current and capital spending of the public sector. The public sector is made up of central government, local government and public corporations.
    Resource and Capital Budgets are set in terms of accruals information. Accruals information measures resources as they are consumed rather than when the cash is paid. So for example the Resource Budget includes a charge for depreciation, a measure of the consumption or wearing out of capital assets.
    "
    Non cash charges in budgets do not impact directly on the fiscal framework. That may be because the national accounts use a different way of measuring the same thing, for example in the case of the depreciation of departmental assets. Or it may be that the national accounts measure something different: for example, resource budgets include a cost of capital charge reflecting the opportunity cost of holding capital; the national accounts include debt interest.
    "
    Within the Resource Budget DEL, departments have separate controls on:
    "
    Near cash spending, the sub set of Resource Budgets which impacts directly on the Golden Rule; and
    "
    The amount of their Resource Budget DEL that departments may spend on running themselves (e.g. paying most civil servants’ salaries) is limited by Administration Budgets, which are set in Spending Reviews. Administration Budgets are used to ensure that as much money as practicable is available for front line services and programmes. These budgets also help to drive efficiency improvements in departments’ own activities. Administration Budgets exclude the costs of frontline services delivered directly by departments.
    The Budget preceding a Spending Review sets an overall envelope for public spending that is consistent with the fiscal rules for the period covered by the Spending Review. In the Spending Review, the Budget AME forecast for year one of the Spending Review period is updated, and AME forecasts are made for the later years of the Spending Review period.
    The 1998 Comprehensive Spending Review ( CSR), which was published in July 1998, was a comprehensive review of departmental aims and objectives alongside a zero-based analysis of each spending programme to determine the best way of delivering the Government's objectives. The 1998 CSR allocated substantial additional resources to the Government's key priorities, particularly education and health, for the three year period from 1999-2000 to 2001-02.
    Delivering better public services does not just depend on how much money the Government spends, but also on how well it spends it. Therefore the 1998 CSR introduced Public Service Agreements (PSAs). Each major government department was given its own PSA setting out clear targets for achievements in terms of public service improvements.
    The 1998 CSR also introduced the DEL/ AME framework for the control of public spending, and made other framework changes. Building on the investment and reforms delivered by the 1998 CSR, successive spending reviews in 2000, 2002 and 2004 have:
    "
    provided significant increase in resources for the Government’s priorities, in particular health and education, and cross-cutting themes such as raising productivity; extending opportunity; and building strong and secure communities;
    " "
    enabled the Government significantly to increase investment in public assets and address the legacy of under investment from past decades. Departmental Investment Strategies were introduced in SR2000. As a result there has been a steady increase in public sector net investment from less than ¾ of a per cent of GDP in 1997-98 to 2¼ per cent of GDP in 2005-06, providing better infrastructure across public services;
    " "
    introduced further refinements to the performance management framework. PSA targets have been reduced in number over successive spending reviews from around 300 to 110 to give greater focus to the Government’s highest priorities. The targets have become increasingly outcome-focused to deliver further improvements in key areas of public service delivery across Government. They have also been refined in line with the conclusions of the Devolving Decision Making Review to provide a framework which encourages greater devolution and local flexibility. Technical Notes were introduced in SR2000 explaining how performance against each PSA target will be measured; and
    "
    not only allocated near cash spending to departments, but also – since SR2002 - set Resource DEL plans for non cash spending.
    To identify what further investments and reforms are needed to equip the UK for the global challenges of the decade ahead, on 19 July 2005 the Chief Secretary to the Treasury announced that the Government intends to launch a second Comprehensive Spending Review (CSR) reporting in 2007.
    A decade on from the first CSR, the 2007 CSR will represent a long-term and fundamental review of government expenditure. It will cover departmental allocations for 2008-09, 2009-10 and 2010 11. Allocations for 2007-08 will be held to the agreed figures already announced by the 2004 Spending Review. To provide a rigorous analytical framework for these departmental allocations, the Government will be taking forward a programme of preparatory work over 2006 involving:
    "
    an assessment of what the sustained increases in spending and reforms to public service delivery have achieved since the first CSR. The assessment will inform the setting of new objectives for the decade ahead;
    " "
    an examination of the key long-term trends and challenges that will shape the next decade – including demographic and socio-economic change, globalisation, climate and environmental change, global insecurity and technological change – together with an assessment of how public services will need to respond;
    " "
    to release the resources needed to address these challenges, and to continue to secure maximum value for money from public spending over the CSR period, a set of zero-based reviews of departments’ baseline expenditure to assess its effectiveness in delivering the Government’s long-term objectives; together with
    "
    further development of the efficiency programme, building on the cross cutting areas identified in the Gershon Review, to embed and extend ongoing efficiency savings into departmental expenditure planning.
    The 2007 CSR also offers the opportunity to continue to refine the PSA framework so that it drives effective delivery and the attainment of ambitious national standards.
    Public Service Agreements (PSAs) were introduced in the 1998 CSR. They set out agreed targets detailing the outputs and outcomes departments are expected to deliver with the resources allocated to them. The new spending regime places a strong emphasis on outcome targets, for example in providing for better health and higher educational standards or service standards. The introduction in SR2004 of PSA ‘standards’ will ensure that high standards in priority areas are maintained.
    The Government monitors progress against PSA targets, and departments report in detail twice a year in their annual Departmental Reports (published in spring) and in their autumn performance reports. These reports provide Parliament and the public with regular updates on departments’ performance against their targets.
    Technical Notes explain how performance against each PSA target will be measured.
    To make the most of both new investment and existing assets, there needs to be a coherent long term strategy against which investment decisions are taken. Departmental Investment Strategies (DIS) set out each department's plans to deliver the scale and quality of capital stock needed to underpin its objectives. The DIS includes information about the department's existing capital stock and future plans for that stock, as well as plans for new investment. It also sets out the systems that the department has in place to ensure that it delivers its capital programmes effectively.
    This document was updated on 19 December 2005.
    Near-cash resource expenditure that has a related cash implication, even though the timing of the cash payment may be slightly different. For example, expenditure on gas or electricity supply is incurred as the fuel is used, though the cash payment might be made in arrears on aquarterly basis. Other examples of near-cash expenditure are: pay, rental.Net cash requirement the upper limit agreed by Parliament on the cash which a department may draw from theConsolidated Fund to finance the expenditure within the ambit of its Request forResources. It is equal to the agreed amount of net resources and net capital less non-cashitems and working capital.Non-cash cost costs where there is no cash transaction but which are included in a body’s accounts (or taken into account in charging for a service) to establish the true cost of all the resourcesused.Non-departmental a body which has a role in the processes of government, but is not a government public body, NDPBdepartment or part of one. NDPBs accordingly operate at arm’s length from governmentMinisters.Notional cost of a cost which is taken into account in setting fees and charges to improve comparability with insuranceprivate sector service providers.The charge takes account of the fact that public bodies donot generally pay an insurance premium to a commercial insurer.the independent body responsible for collecting and publishing official statistics about theUK’s society and economy. (At the time of going to print legislation was progressing tochange this body to the Statistics Board).Office of Government an office of the Treasury, with a status similar to that of an agency, which aims to maximise Commerce, OGCthe government’s purchasing power for routine items and combine professional expertiseto bear on capital projects.Office of the the government department responsible for discharging the Paymaster General’s statutoryPaymaster General,responsibilities to hold accounts and make payments for government departments and OPGother public bodies.Orange bookthe informal title for Management of Risks: Principles and Concepts, which is published by theTreasury for the guidance of public sector bodies.Office for NationalStatistics, ONS60Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYOverdraftan account with a negative balance.Parliament’s formal agreement to authorise an activity or expenditure.Prerogative powerspowers exercisable under the Royal Prerogative, ie powers which are unique to the Crown,as contrasted with common-law powers which may be available to the Crown on the samebasis as to natural persons.Primary legislationActs which have been passed by the Westminster Parliament and, where they haveappropriate powers, the Scottish Parliament and the Northern Ireland Assembly. Begin asBills until they have received Royal Assent.arrangements under which a public sector organisation contracts with a private sectorentity to construct a facility and provide associated services of a specified quality over asustained period. See annex 7.5.Proprietythe principle that patterns of resource consumption should respect Parliament’s intentions,conventions and control procedures, including any laid down by the PAC. See box 2.4.Public Accountssee Committee of Public Accounts.CommitteePublic corporationa trading body controlled by central government, local authority or other publiccorporation that has substantial day to day operating independence. See section 7.8.Public Dividend finance provided by government to public sector bodies as an equity stake; an alternative to Capital, PDCloan finance.Public Service sets out what the public can expect the government to deliver with its resources. EveryAgreement, PSAlarge government department has PSA(s) which specify deliverables as targets or aimsrelated to objectives.a structured arrangement between a public sector and a private sector organisation tosecure an outcome delivering good value for money for the public sector. It is classified tothe public or private sector according to which has more control.Rate of returnthe financial remuneration delivered by a particular project or enterprise, expressed as apercentage of the net assets employed.Regularitythe principle that resource consumption should accord with the relevant legislation, therelevant delegated authority and this document. See box 2.4.Request for the functional level into which departmental Estimates may be split. RfRs contain a number Resources, RfRof functions being carried out by the department in pursuit of one or more of thatdepartment’s objectives.Resource accountan accruals account produced in line with the Financial Reporting Manual (FReM).Resource accountingthe system under which budgets, Estimates and accounts are constructed in a similar wayto commercial audited accounts, so that both plans and records of expenditure allow in fullfor the goods and services which are to be, or have been, consumed – ie not just the cashexpended.Resource budgetthe means by which the government plans and controls the expenditure of resources tomeet its objectives.Restitutiona legal concept which allows money and property to be returned to its rightful owner. Ittypically operates where another person can be said to have been unjustly enriched byreceiving such monies.Return on capital the ratio of profit to capital employed of an accounting entity during an identified period.employed, ROCEVarious measures of profit and of capital employed may be used in calculating the ratio.Public Privatepartnership, PPPPrivate Finance Initiative, PFIParliamentaryauthority61Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARYRoyal charterthe document setting out the powers and constitution of a corporation established underprerogative power of the monarch acting on Privy Council advice.Second readingthe second formal time that a House of Parliament may debate a bill, although in practicethe first substantive debate on its content. If successful, it is deemed to denoteParliamentary approval of the principle of the proposed legislation.Secondary legislationlaws, including orders and regulations, which are made using powers in primary legislation.Normally used to set out technical and administrative provision in greater detail thanprimary legislation, they are subject to a less intense level of scrutiny in Parliament.European legislation is,however,often implemented in secondary legislation using powers inthe European Communities Act 1972.Service-level agreement between parties, setting out in detail the level of service to be performed.agreementWhere agreements are between central government bodies, they are not legally a contractbut have a similar function.Shareholder Executive a body created to improve the government’s performance as a shareholder in businesses.Spending reviewsets out the key improvements in public services that the public can expect over a givenperiod. It includes a thorough review of departmental aims and objectives to find the bestway of delivering the government’s objectives, and sets out the spending plans for the givenperiod.State aidstate support for a domestic body or company which could distort EU competition and sois not usually allowed. See annex 4.9.Statement of Excessa formal statement detailing departments’ overspends prepared by the Comptroller andAuditor General as a result of undertaking annual audits.Statement on Internal an annual statement that Accounting Officers are required to make as part of the accounts Control, SICon a range of risk and control issues.Subheadindividual elements of departmental expenditure identifiable in Estimates as single cells, forexample cell A1 being administration costs within a particular line of departmental spending.Supplyresources voted by Parliament in response to Estimates, for expenditure by governmentdepartments.Supply Estimatesa statement of the resources the government needs in the coming financial year, and forwhat purpose(s), by which Parliamentary authority is sought for the planned level ofexpenditure and income.Target rate of returnthe rate of return required of a project or enterprise over a given period, usually at least a year.Third sectorprivate sector bodies which do not act commercially,including charities,social and voluntaryorganisations and other not-for-profit collectives. See annex 7.7.Total Managed a Treasury budgeting term which covers all current and capital spending carried out by the Expenditure,TMEpublic sector (ie not just by central departments).Trading fundan organisation (either within a government department or forming one) which is largely orwholly financed from commercial revenue generated by its activities. Its Estimate shows itsnet impact, allowing its income from receipts to be devoted entirely to its business.Treasury Minutea formal administrative document drawn up by the Treasury, which may serve a wide varietyof purposes including seeking Parliamentary approval for the use of receipts asappropriations in aid, a remission of some or all of the principal of voted loans, andresponding on behalf of the government to reports by the Public Accounts Committee(PAC).62Managing Public Money
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    GLOSSARY63Managing Public MoneyValue for moneythe process under which organisation’s procurement, projects and processes aresystematically evaluated and assessed to provide confidence about suitability, effectiveness,prudence,quality,value and avoidance of error and other waste,judged for the public sectoras a whole.Virementthe process through which funds are moved between subheads such that additionalexpenditure on one is met by savings on one or more others.Votethe process by which Parliament approves funds in response to supply Estimates.Voted expenditureprovision for expenditure that has been authorised by Parliament. Parliament ‘votes’authority for public expenditure through the Supply Estimates process. Most expenditureby central government departments is authorised in this way.Wider market activity activities undertaken by central government organisations outside their statutory duties,using spare capacity and aimed at generating a commercial profit. See annex 7.6.Windfallmonies received by a department which were not anticipated in the spending review.
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    Англо-русский экономический словарь > near cash

  • 7 hold

    1. I
    1) this горе (the twine, the tape, the string, the bootlace, etc.) will hold эта веревка и т. д. не порвется /выдержит/; the nail still holds гвоздь еще не выпал /держится/
    2) if rain (snow, frost, etc.) holds если будет продолжаться /без конца будет идти/ дождь и т. д.; if this weather holds если эта /такая/ погода удержится /будет стоять/; if your luck holds если счастье тебе не изменит; can the good weather hold? продержится ли хорошая погода?; the provisions will hold запасов пищи хватит; the comparison holds это сравнение вполне уместно
    3) to eat as much as one can hold наесться досыта /до отвала/
    2. II
    1) hold some time this principle (my promise, our bargain, this law, etc.) still holds этот принцип и т. д. [все] еще остается /продолжает оставаться/ в силе; his objection still holds он еще не снимает своего возражения; the good weather is still holding все еще стоит хорошая погода
    2) hold in some manner hold firm /fast, tight/ твердо /стойко/ держаться, оставаться твердым /стойким/; hold firm [until you hear from me] держись стойко [, пока я тебе не напишу]; our friendship will hold fast наша дружба будет прочной
    3. III
    1) hold smth., smb. hold a spoon (a knife, a candle, a cap, a baby, a cat, etc.) держать ложку и т. д.; hold smb.'s hand держать / взять/ кого-л. за руку; they were holding hands они держались за руки; hold the line! не кладите / не вешайте/ трубку! (при разговоре по телефону)
    2) hold smth., smb. hold a fort (a defile, a fortress, a position, a trench, etc.) удерживать /защищать/ крепость и т. д., it takes a number of men to hold him одному его не удержать; there is no holding that fellow с этим парнем никак не сладишь, удержу нет на этого парня; hold trains задерживать поезда; he could hardly hold the horses он едва удерживал /сдерживал/ лошадей; the farmers are holding the wheat фермеры придерживают свою пшеницу; hold a note тянуть [одну] ноту; hold one's breath задерживать /затаить/ дыхание; hold one's nose зажимать нос; hold smb.'s attention (one's audience, the pupils' attention, etc.) овладевать чьим-л. вниманием и т. д., удерживать чье-л. внимание и т. д.; constant change of scene held our attention непрерывная смена пейзажа не давала ослабнуть нашему вниманию
    3) hold smth. hold land (a large estate, a large property, etc.) владеть землей и т. д.; hold an office (an appointment, a position, etc.) занимать пост и т. д.; hold a professorship быть профессором, иметь профессорское звание; занимать должность профессора; hold a chair заведовать кафедрой; hold a rank иметь чин; hold a medal иметь медаль; hold first (second, etc.) place иметь /занять/ первое и т. д. место.
    4) hold smth., smb. hold a certain amount of liquid (5 gallons, all her clothes, a certain number of people, five persons, etc.) вмещать определенное количество жидкости и т. д.; this bucket will hold ten litres of water это ведро на 10 литров воды; this trunk holds all my things в этот сундук влезут /можно положить/ все мои вещи; the box held his securities в этой шкатулке лежали /были/ принадлежащие ему ценные бумаги; the new hall will hold three hundred spectators в новом зале сможет разместиться триста зрителей, новый зал рассчитан на триста зрителей; how many of us will your car hold? сколько человек сядет /влезет/ в твою машину?; each of these forms is to hold two pupils за каждой такой партой будут сидеть два ученика; sea water holds many salts in solution в морской воде содержится много солей; Westminster Abbey holds the bones of England's great men в Вестминстерском аббатстве покоятся останки великих людей Англии; the evening held a lot of surprises вечер был полон неожиданностей
    5) hold smth. hold a meeting (a demonstration, a debate, an election, a consultation, an examination, an investigation, talks, etc.) проводить /устраивать, организовывать/ собрание и т. д.; they decided to hold an exhibition они решили устроить выставку
    6) hold smth. hold a view (an opinion) придерживаться взгляда (мнения); I hold a different view я придерживаюсь другой точки зрения, я думаю иначе; hold a course придерживаться определенного курса
    4. IV
    1) hold smth., smb. in some manner hold smth., smb. tightly) (fast, firmly, straight, carelessly, etc.) держать что-л., кого-л. крепко и т. д.
    2) hold smb. , smth. in some manner hold smb., smth. in respect (in high esteem, in awe, in low regard, in contempt, etc.) относиться к кому-л., чему-л. с уважением и т. д.; hold smb. at one's mercy держать кого-л. в своей власти id hold smb. to ridicule выставлять кого-л. на посмешище
    3) hold smth. at some time I can't hold all these details at once я не могу (удержать в голове сразу все эти подробности
    5. V
    1) hold smb. smb. hold smb. prisoner держать кого-л. в плену /в качестве пленного/; hold smb. hostages держать кого-л. в качестве заложников
    2) hold it smth. I hold it my duty [to tell you... (to inform you...)] я считаю своей обязанностью /своим долгом/ [рассказать вам... (сообщить вам)...]
    6. VI
    1) hold smth. in some state hold a door (a window, a window vent, etc.) open (half open, shut, etc.) держать дверь и т. д. открытой и т. д.
    2) hold smb. in some state hold an audience (the spectators, the listeners, the whole house, etc.) spellbounc заставить аудиторию и т. д. слушать или смотреть, затаив дыхание; his lovely music held us spellbound его прекрасная музыка очаровала нас; hold smb. captive держать кого-л. в плену
    3) hold smth., smb. in some state hold smth. true (good, sacred, cheap, etc.) считать что-л. верным /справедливым/ и т. д.; I hold the very idea absurd я считаю абсурдной саму эту мысль; hold smb. responsible возлагать на кого-л. ответственность; we shall hold you responsible for the work вы будете отвечать за эту работу
    7. VII
    hold smb., smth. to possess some quality hold smb. to be wrong (to be right, to be clever, to be beautiful, etc.) считать кого-л. неправым и т. д., hold smth. to be impossible (to be inadmissible, to be illogical, etc.) считать что-л. невозможным и т. д.; hold smb. to be smth. hold smb. to be a fool (to be a clever man, to be a good husband, etc.) считать, что кто-л. дурак и т. д.
    8. XI.
    .1)
    be held for some time we were held till the evening нас задержали до вечера; be held at some place my money is held at the bank a) мой деньги находятся в банке; б) банк наложил арест на мои деньги; be held smb. I was held prisoner я находился в плену /в заточении/
    2)
    be held at some time the meeting (the debate, the conference, the funeral service, etc.) will be held on Monday (at 3 o'clock, etc.) собрание и т. д. состоится в понедельник и т. д.; when will the election be held? когда состоятся /будут проходить/ выборы?; be held in (at, etc.) smth. the meeting was held in (at) a very big hall собрание проходило в очень большем зале
    3)
    be held by smth. the button is held by a thread пуговица держалась на одной нитке; her scarf was held in place by a brooch ее шарфик был заколот брошкой
    4)
    it is held that... it is universally held by the writers that... у писателей общепризнанным считается, что...; be held to be in some state you will be held responsible вы за это ответите /будете нести ответственность/; he was held guilty (not guilty) он был признан виновным (невиновным)
    9. XV
    hold to possess some quality hold good /true, valid/ оставаться в силе; my promise (the order, the treaty, our bet, etc.) holds good мое обещание и т. д. остается в силе; the same criticism holds good with the second chapter такое же критическое замечание справедливо и в отношении второй главы
    10. XVI
    1) hold through smth. the supplies will hold through the winter (through the next three months, etc.) запасов хватит на всю зиму и т. д.
    2) hold to smth. hold to a chair (to a rail, to a bedstead, etc.) держаться за стул и т. д.
    3) hold against smb., smth. hold against an enemy (against an army, against troops, etc.) удерживать свои позиции против [нашествия] врага и т. д., hold against an attack [успешно] отбивать атаку
    4) hold to /by/ smth., smb. hold to a view (to /by/ an opinion, by one's principles, to /by a decision, to a rule, etc.) держаться /придерживаться/ взгляда /точки зрения/ и т. д., he held firm /fast/ to his resolve (to his beliefs, etc.) он твердо держался своего решения и т. д.; hold to a promise сдержать обещание; you should hold to the terms вы должны соблюдать условия [договора]; hold to one's friends (to one's party, to one's choice, etc.) быть /оставаться/ верным своим друзьям и т. д.; hold for (in) smth. this rule (the principle, the theory, the hypothesis, etc.) holds for all cases это правило подходит ко всем случаям; this holds in every case это верно для всех случаев /во всех случаях/ || who knows what the future /tomorrow/ holds for us? кто знает, что нам готовит будущее?; hold at some level the market holds at 20 roubles на рынке удерживается цена в двадцать рублей
    11. XVIII
    1) hold oneself she doesn't know how to hold herself она не знает, как держаться /как ей себя вести/; hold oneself in some manner hold oneself well (badly) хорошо (плохо) держаться; hold oneself in some position hold oneself straight (upright, etc.) держаться прямо и т. д.; hold yourself still for a few minutes while I make a sketch of you постойте или посидите спокойно несколько минут, пока я не сделаю [с вас] набросок; hold oneself like smb., smth. hold oneself like a queen (like a doll, etc.) держаться /вести себя/, как королева и т. д.
    2) hold oneself in some state hold oneself aloof (separate) держаться в стороне (отдельно от других); hold oneself ready /in readiness/ быть готовым; he held himself ready to start at a moment's notice он был готов отправиться по первому требованию
    3) hold oneself in some state hold oneself responsible считать себя ответственным; I do not hold myself responsible for what happened я не считаю себя ответственным за то, что произошло
    12. XXI1
    1) hold smb., smth. by smth. hold the child by the hand (a bull by the horn, the basket by the handle, the box by the rope, etc.) держать ребенка за руку и т. д., hold smth., smb. in (over, in front of, etc.) smth. hold the bag in one's hand (both hands over one's head, the creature before one's face, etc.) держать сумку в руке и т. д.; hold a cigarette (a pipe, a cigar. a cigarette-holder, etc.) between the teeth (between one's lips, in one's mouth, etc.) держать сигарету и т. д. в зубах и т. д.; hold smb. in one's arms обнимать кого-л., держать кого-л. в своих объятиях; he held his head in his hands он обхватил / сжал/ голову руками
    2) hold smth. against smb., smth. hold the fort against the enemy (the city against an army, the position against a detachment of parachute troops, etc.) защищать /оборонять/ крепость от неприятеля и т. д.; hold one's position against all competitors не сдавать своих позиций соперникам; hold one's own with smb. in beauty she held her own with all her rivals в красоте она не уступала ни одной из своих соперниц; hold smth. for smth. hold smb.'s baggage for non-payment of rent не отдавать кому-л. вещи до внесения квартирной платы; he held the audience for two hours он завладел вниманием слушателей на два часа; he held the floor for an hour он держал речь целый час; he holds the record for high jump он держит рекорд по прыжкам в высоту; hold smth. for smb. hold a room for me (seats for our guests, a book for first year students, etc.) оставьте /забронируйте, зарезервируйте/ комнату для меня и т. д., hold stocks for a rise попридержать акции до /, ожидая/ их повышения
    3) hold smb. for smth. hold smb. for theft арестовать кого-л. за воровство; держать кого-л. в тюрьме за воровство; hold smb. for ransom держать кого-л., пока за него не будет внесен выкуп; hold smb. on a charge of smth. hold smb. on a charge of theft (of murder, etc.) задержать кого-л. по обвинению в воровстве и т. д.; hold smb. in smth. hold smb. in prison (in custody) держать кого-л. в тюрьме (под стражей); hold smb. till smth. they will hold him till we pay (till he recants, till tomorrow, etc.) они не выпустят его [до тех пор], пока мы не заплатим и т. д.; hold smb. for some time a fever held him for a week лихорадка /высокая температура/ не отпускала его целую неделю, неделю он провалялся с лихорадкой /с температурой/; hold smb. in smth. hold smb. in suspense (in fear, etc.) держать кого-л. в напряженном ожидании и т. д., hold smb. in check сдерживать кого-л.
    4) hold smth. among smth. hold the first position among other similar institutions (among other boarding-houses, among many hotels, etc.) занимать ведущее положение среди других подобных учреждений и т.д., hold smth. at some time hold two offices at the same time занимать две должности одновременно
    5) hold smth. for smb. life holds a lot of surprises for us all жизнь полна неожиданностей для всех; who knows what the future holds for us? кто знает, что нас ждет в будущем /что нам сулит будущее/?; hold smth. in smth. I can't hold all these figures (these facts, so many names, etc.) in my head я не могу держать все эти цифры и т. д. в голове
    6) hold smb. to smth. hold smb. to a promise (to an agreement, to terms, etc.) требовать от кого-л. выполнения своего обещания и т. д., we shall hold you to your word мы будем добиваться, чтобы вы сдержали свое слово
    7) hold smth. with smb. hold a conversation (a parley, a talk, etc.) with smb. вести /проводить, поддерживать/ разговор /беседу/ и т. д с кем-л.; hold smth. for smb. hold a reception (a ball, a performance, a concert, etc.) for the guests устроить прием и т. д. в честь гостей
    13. XXII
    hold oneself (smb.) from doing smth. hold oneself from asking (from laughing, etc.) удержаться от того, чтобы спросить и т. д.
    14. XXIV1
    hold smb. as smb. hold smb. as hostage (as a criminal, as a spy, etc.) задерживать /держать (под стражей, в заточении и т. п.)/ кого-л. в качестве /как/ заложника и т. д.
    15. XXV
    hold that... hold that his plan is impracticable (that all his statements are very doubtful, etc.) полагать /считать, думать/, что его план неосуществим и т. д.

    English-Russian dictionary of verb phrases > hold

  • 8 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 9 man

    mæn
    1. сущ.
    1) человек fat man ≈ толстый человек short man ≈ человек низкого роста tall man ≈ высокий человек thin man ≈ тоненький, худой человек handsome man ≈ красивый человек ugly man ≈ некрасивый человек straight man ≈ честный человек, простак wise man ≈ мудрый человек grown man ≈ взрослый человек young man ≈ молодой человек middle-aged man ≈ человек среднего возраста old man ≈ старик divorced man ≈ разведенный человек married man ≈ женатый человек single man ≈ одинокий, неженатый человек the man in the street ≈ "человек с улицы", рядовой человек - average man - Cro-Magnon man - Java man - Neanderthal man - Paleolithic man - Peking man - fancy man - hatchet man - hit man - idea man - ladies' man - organization man - self-made man - man on horseback - straw man - Renaissance man - right-hand man - professional man - family man - marked man Syn: individual, person, human being, human, living being, living soul, soul, one;
    anyone, somebody, someone
    2) в устойчивых сочетаниях: а) как представитель профессии;
    б) как обладатель определенных качеств man of law ≈ адвокат, юрист man of letters ≈ литератор, писатель, автор, сочинитель man of office ≈ чиновник man of ideas ≈ изобретательный, находчивый человек man of motley ≈ шут university man ≈ человек с университетским образованием advance man enlisted men maintenance man newspaperman rewrite man stunt man second-story man man of the pen man of character man of no scruples man of sense man of great ambition
    3) мужчина The average man is taller than the average woman. ≈ Средний мужчина выше средней женщины. Syn: male, masculine person
    4) человеческий род, человечество Man cannot live by bread alone. ≈ Не хлебом единым жив человек. Syn: mankind, the human race, men and women, human beings, humankind, people, humanity, homo sapiens
    5) слуга;
    рабочий Hire a man to take care of the garden. ≈ Найми садовника, который будет следить за садом. Syn: handyman, workman, hired hand, hand, labourer;
    employee, worker;
    manservant, male servant, boy, waiter
    6) муж The minister pronounced them man and wife. ≈ Священник объявил их мужем и женой. Syn: married man, husband, spouse
    7) мн. солдаты, рядовые;
    матросы
    8) ист. вассал
    9) пешка, шашка( в игре) ∙ be one's own man
    2. гл.
    1) а) укомплектовывать кадрами;
    воен., мор. укомплектовывать личным составом б) размещать людей;
    ставить людей (к орудию и т. п.) ;
    сажать людей (на корабль и т. п.) в) занимать( позиции и т. п.) ;
    становиться( к орудиям и т. п.) The crew was ordered to man the lifeboats. ≈ Команде было приказано занять места в шлюпке. ∙ Syn: attend, staff, take up one's position in, take one's place at, get to one's post;
    supply with hands, furnish with men;
    equip, fit out, outfit;
    garrison
    2) мужаться, брать себя в руки Syn: encourage, cheer up
    3) охот. приручать мужчина, человек - there were three men and two women in the room в комнате было трое мужчин и две женщины - to play the * поступать /вести себя/, как подобает мужчине - to make a * of smb. сделать из кого-л. настоящего мужчину /человека/ - to bear smth. like a * мужественно переносить что-л. - be a *! будь мужчиной! - he is only half a * он не настоящий мужчина - * to *, between * and * как мужчина с мужчиной - a good * хороший /добрый, порядочный/ человек - a * of thirty мужчина /человек/ тридцати лет;
    тридцатилетний мужчина - a * of action человек дела /действия/, энергичный человек - a * of character волевой человек, сильная личность - a * of moods человек настроения - a * of peace мирный /миролюбивый/ человек - a * of principle принципиальный человек - a * of sense разумный /здравомыслящий/ человек - a * of wisdom мудрый /умный/ человек - a * of ideas изобретательный /находчивый/ человек - a * of many parts разносторонний человек - a * of genius гениальный человек - a * of honour честный /порядочный/ человек - a * of distinction /of mark, of note/ выдающийся /знаменитый/ человек - a * of taste человек со вкусом - a * of few words немногословный /немногоречивый/ человек - a * of many words многословный человек - a * of his word человек слова, господин /хозяин/ своего слова - a * of family семейный человек - a * of means /of property/ человек со средствами, состоятельный человек - a * of business деловой человек;
    агент;
    поверенный - you'll have to speak to my * of business вам придется поговорить с моим поверенным - a * of law законник;
    адвокат;
    юрист - a * of letters писатель, литератор;
    (устаревшее) ученый - he is the very * for this job он самый подходящий человек для этого дела - if you want a good music teacher, here's your * если вам нужен хороший учитель музыки, вот он( самый подходящий для вас человек) - if you want to sell the car, I'm your * если вы хотите продать машину, я куплю /я согласен купить/ - I feel a new * я чувствую себя обновленным, я как заново родился - if any * comes... если кто-нибудь /какой-нибудь человек/ придет... муж - * and wife муж и жена - to live as * and wife жить как муж с женой - he made them * and wife он обвенчал их (университетское) студент: окончивший, выпускник - a University * человек с университетским образованием - an Oxford * студент из Оксфорда;
    человек, окончивший Оксфордский университет, выпускник Оксфорда - senior * старшекурсник( пренебрежительное) приятель (в обращении) - speak up, *!, speak up, my (good) *! ну, говори же, друг! - hurry up, *!, hurry up, my (good) *! да поскорей же, приятель! - come along, *!, come along, my ( good) *! ну пошли, мой милый! - nonsense, *!, nonsense, my (good) *! чепуха! - well, * /my (good) */, where is it? ну, милый мой, так где же это? человек - the rights of * права человека - food not fit for * or beast пища, не пригодная для людей или животных - board at - per * пансион (стоит) один доллар с человека - *'s sense of himself самосознание - men say that... люди говорят, что... - any * could do that любой( человек) может это сделать - what can a * do? что (тут) поделаешь? - all men are brothers все люди братья - as one /a/ * все как один - to a * все до одного, все как один ( человек), все без исключения;
    единогласно - to the last * все до одного, все до последнего человека - all sorts and conditions of men, men of all conditions люди всякого рода, самые разные люди - to mistake one's * ошибиться в человеке - * overboard! человек за бортом! (без артикля) человечество, человеческий род слуга рабочий - the manager spoke to the men управляющий поговорил с рабочим - this factory employs 300 men на этой фабрике работает триста рабочих солдат, рядовой, матрос рядовой состав - officers and men офицеры и солдаты пешка шашка (в игре), фишка - to jump a * брать шашку игрок (в спорт. команде) (историческое) вассал сокр. от man-of-war, merchantman и т. п. (-man) как компонент сложных слов означает занятие, профессию - clergyman священник - postman почтальон - sportsman спортсмен - workman рабочий > the inner * внутреннее "я", душа;
    желудок > to refresh the inner * поесть, подкрепиться > the outer * плоть;
    внешность, костюм > to clothe the outer * одеться > odd * решающий голос;
    человек, выполняющий случайную работу > odd * out "третий лишний" (игра) > heavy * (театроведение) (профессионализм) актер, исполняющий трагические роли > one-dollar-a-year * (американизм) крупный капиталист, участвующий в деятельности правительственных органов и получающий номинальный оклад в один доллар в год > * of the house глава семьи > my old * мой отец > men of the day герои дня > a * of the world человек, умудренный опытом, бывалый человек;
    светский человек > a * about town светский человек, богатый повеса, жуир > a * of the turf завсегдатай скачек > a * of straw соломенное чучело;
    человек с небольшими средствами;
    ненадежный человек;
    подставное /фиктивное/ лицо;
    воображаемый противник > a * of God святой;
    духовное лицо > M. of Sorrows( библеизм) Муж скорбей > a * in a thousand редкий /исключительный/ человек;
    таких людей мало, такого человека редко встретишь;
    такого человека поискать надо > * in blue полицейский;
    моряк > men in blue (американизм) (историческое) федеральные войска > the * in the street( американизм) тж. the * in the car "человек с улицы", средний /рядовой/ гражданин > the next * (американизм) всякий другой, любой;
    первый встречный > a run-of-the-mill * заурядный человек > the * in the moon вымышленное лицо > * and boy с юных лет;
    (устаревшее) все как один > he lived there * and boy он всю жизнь прожил там > I have known him * and boy я его знаю с детства > * and boy turned out into the street все как один высыпали на улицу > the * for me, the * for my money этот человек мне подходит, этот человек меня устраивает > the * higher up начальник, хозяин, босс;
    высшая инстанция > the * at the wheel руководитель > M. Friday Пятница, верный /преданный/ слуга > no *'s land нейтральная територрия > to hit a * when he is down бить лежачего > to be one's own * прийти в себя;
    быть в норме;
    держать себя в руках;
    ни от кого не зависеть, свободно распоряжаться собой, быть хозяином своей судьбы > he is his own * он сам себе хозяин > a * or a mouse либо пан, либо пропал > like master like * у хорошего хозяина и работники хороши > every * to his (own) taste на вкус и цвет товарищей нет;
    о вкусах не спорят > (so) many men, (so) many minds (пословица) сколько голов, столько умов > a drowning * will catch at a straw (пословица) утопающий за соломинку хватается > every * has his hobby-horse у каждого есть свой конек /своя страсть, своя прихоть/;
    у каждого есть свои маленькие слабости > a * is known by the company he keeps (пословица) скажи мне, кто твой друг, и я скажу (тебе), кто ты > one *'s meat is another *'s poison( пословица) что полезно одному, то вредно другому;
    усопшему мир, а лекарю пир > a * can die but once двум смертям не бывать, а одной не миновать > * proposes but God disposes( пословица) человек предполагает, а Бог располагает > * alive! боже милостивый!, боже правый!;
    вот те на!, вот так так! укомплектовывать кадрами, персоналом( военное) (морское) укомплектовывать личным составом;
    занимать людьми;
    ставить людей (к орудию и т. п.) ;
    посадить людей (на транспорт) - to * a unit укомплектовать часть личным составом - to * a boat сажать гребцов на шлюпку - to * the pumps поставить людей к насосам /к помпам/ занять (позиции) ;
    стать( к орудиям) - to * the defenses занимать оборонительные позиции - to * the guns занимать места у орудий собрать все свое мужество, мужаться, взять себя в руки (охота) приручать (сокола и т. п.) ad ~ рекламный агент ad ~ специалист по рекламе to be one's own ~ быть независимым, самостоятельным;
    свободно распоряжаться собой to be one's own ~ прийти в себя, быть в норме;
    держать себя в руках contact ~ контактный человек contact ~ посредник contact ~ представитель delivery ~ курьер delivery ~ разносчик delivery ~ рассыльный delivery ~ экспедитор every ~ to his own taste = на вкус на цвет товарищей нет good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения ~ слуга, человек;
    I'm your man разг. я к вашим услугам, я согласен ideas ~ рекл. носитель идей insurance ~ страховой агент maintenance ~ механик, выполняющий техническое обслуживание maintenance ~ техник по обслуживанию оборудования ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни town: ~ attr. городской;
    town house городская квартира;
    town water вода из городского водопровода;
    a man about town человек, ведущий светский образ жизни good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения ~ муж;
    man and wife муж и жена ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни ~ in the street, амер. тж. man in the car заурядный человек, обыватель;
    man about town светский человек;
    прожигатель жизни street: street: the man in the ~ обыватель;
    заурядный человек;
    to walk the streets, to be on the streets заниматься проституцией ~ of courage храбрый, мужественный человек;
    man of decision решительный человек ~ of distinction (или mark, note) выдающийся, знаменитый человек ~ of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек;
    man of pleasure сластолюбец ~ в устойчивых сочетаниях: как представитель профессии: man of law адвокат, юрист ~ of means состоятельный человек mean: ~ pl средства, состояние, богатство;
    means of subsistence средства к существованию;
    a man of means человек со средствами, состоятельный человек ~ of principle принципиальный человек;
    man of no principles беспринципный человек principle: man of high(est) ~ высокопринципиальный человек;
    a man of no principles беспринципный человек ~ of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек;
    man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек ~ of letters писатель, литератор, ученый;
    man of office чиновник;
    man of the pen литератор ~ of ideas изобретательный, находчивый человек;
    man of pleasure сластолюбец pleasure: ~ удовольствие, наслаждение;
    развлечение;
    to take pleasure (in smth.) находить удовольствие( в чем-л.) ;
    man of pleasure жуир, сибарит ~ of principle принципиальный человек;
    man of no principles беспринципный человек ~ of property собственник property: ~ имущество;
    собственность;
    хозяйство;
    a property земельная собственность, поместье;
    имение;
    a man of property собственник;
    богач ~ of no scruples недобросовестный, бессовестный человек;
    man of sense здравомыслящий, разумный человек sense: sense здравый смысл (тж. common sense, good sense) ;
    ум;
    a man of sense разумный человек ~ of straw воображаемый противник ~ of straw ненадежный человек ~ of straw подставное, фиктивное лицо ~ of straw соломенное чучело straw: a man of ~ воображаемый противник;
    not to care a straw относиться совершенно безразлично;
    a straw in the wind намек, указание a man of ~ ненадежный человек a man of ~ подставное, фиктивное лицо a man of ~ соломенное чучело ~ of taste человек со вкусом ~ of letters писатель, литератор, ученый;
    man of office чиновник;
    man of the pen литератор ~ of the world светский человек ~ of the world человек, умудренный жизненным опытом ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. worth: ~ достоинства;
    a man of worth достойный, заслуживающий уважения человек;
    he was never aware of her worth он никогда не ценил ее по заслугам ~ подбодрять;
    to man oneself мужаться, брать себя в руки media ~ работник средств массовой информации ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: medical врачебный, медицинский;
    medical aid медицинская помощь;
    the medical profession медицинские работники, врачи ~ врачебный, медицинский ~ разг. студент-медик ~ терапевтический;
    medical ward терапевтическое отделение больницы ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. medical: ~ man врач meter ~ весовщик meter ~ землемер meter ~ контролер на платной автостоянке reasonable ~ благоразумный человек reasonably prudent ~ осторожный человек prudent: reasonably ~ man расчетливый человек ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. ~ of worth достойный, почтенный человек;
    сочетания типа family man, self-made man, medical man, leading man, etc. см. под family, self-made, medical, leading, etc. tally ~ контролер при погрузке и выгрузке товара tally ~ лицо, продающее товар по образцам tally ~ лицо, продающее товар в рассрочку tally ~ лицо, продающее товар в кредит tally ~ счетчик tally ~ тальман good ~! здорово!, здравствуй!;
    man and boy с юных лет;
    (all) to a man все до одного, как один (человек), все без исключения wealthy ~ богатый человек

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > man

  • 10 rule

    1. noun
    1) (principle) Regel, die

    the rules of the game — (lit. or fig.) die Spielregeln

    stick to or play by the rules — (lit. or fig.) sich an die Spielregeln halten

    be against the rules — regelwidrig sein; (fig.) gegen die Spielregeln verstoßen

    as a rule — in der Regel

    rule of thumb — Faustregel, die

    2) (custom) Regel, die

    the rule of the house is that... — in diesem Haus ist es üblich, dass...

    3) no pl. (government) Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)
    4) (graduated measure) Maß, das; (tape) Bandmaß, das; (folding) Zollstock, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (control) beherrschen
    2) (be the ruler of) regieren; [Monarch, Diktator usw.:] herrschen über (+ Akk.)

    rule the roost [in the house] — Herr im Hause sein

    3) (give as decision) entscheiden
    4) (draw) ziehen [Linie]; (draw lines on) linieren [Papier]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (govern) herrschen
    2) (decide, declare formally) entscheiden ( against gegen; in favour of für)

    rule on a matter — in einer Sache entscheiden

    Phrasal Verbs:
    - academic.ru/91129/rule_off">rule off
    * * *
    [ru:l] 1. noun
    1) (government: under foreign rule.) die Herrschaft
    2) (a regulation or order: school rules.) die Ordnung
    3) (what usually happens or is done; a general principle: He is an exception to the rule that fat people are usually happy.) die Regel
    4) (a general standard that guides one's actions: I make it a rule never to be late for appointments.) die Regel
    5) (a marked strip of wood, metal etc for measuring: He measured the windows with a rule.) das Lineal
    2. verb
    1) (to govern: The king ruled (the people) wisely.) regieren
    2) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) entscheiden
    3) (to draw (a straight line): He ruled a line across the page.) ziehen
    •
    - ruled
    - ruler
    - ruling     3. noun
    (an official decision: The judge gave his ruling.) die Entscheidung
    - as a rule
    - rule off
    - rule out
    * * *
    [ru:l]
    I. n
    1. (instruction) Regel f
    where in the \rules does it say that? wo steht das?
    those are the \rules so sind nun mal die Regeln
    this is a club \rule das ist im Klub hier so üblich
    it is a \rule that... es ist eine Regel, dass...
    company \rule Betriebsvorschriften pl
    \rules and regulations Regeln und Bestimmungen
    set of \rules Regeln pl
    traffic \rules Verkehrsregeln pl
    \rules pl of procedure LAW Geschäftsordnung f
    \rule of mixtures CHEM Mischungsregel f
    \rule of three MATH Dreisatz m
    to bend [or stretch] the \rules die Regeln beugen
    to break a \rule eine Regel brechen
    to follow [or obey] [or ( form) observe] a \rule eine Regel befolgen [o einhalten]
    to know the \rules of a game die Spielregeln kennen
    to play [or go] [or do things] by the \rules sich akk an die Spielregeln halten
    according to the \rules nach den Regeln, den Regeln entsprechend
    to be against the \rules gegen die Regeln verstoßen
    2. no pl (control) Herrschaft f
    the \rule of law die Rechtsstaatlichkeit
    one-party \rule Einparteienherrschaft f
    the period of Fascist \rule die faschistische Herrschaft
    3. ( form or dated: measuring device) Lineal nt
    4. (condition) Regel f
    \rule of 72 72er Regel
    5. (line) Linie f
    6. LAW (court decision) gerichtliche Entscheidung
    7.
    ▶ as a [general] \rule normalerweise, in der Regel
    ▶ to be the \rule die Regel sein
    ▶ to make sth a \rule etw zur Regel machen
    ▶ to run the \rule over sth überprüfen, ob etw in Ordnung ist
    ▶ \rule of thumb Faustregel f; see also exception
    II. vt
    ▪ to \rule sth/sb etw/jdn regieren
    to \rule a country with a rod of iron ein Land mit eiserner Faust regieren
    ▪ to \rule sth etw beherrschen
    she \rules her household with an iron hand sie führt ihren Haushalt mit eiserner Hand
    to \rule sb's thinking jds Denken beherrschen
    to \rule a line eine Linie ziehen
    ▪ to \rule sth (to give an official decision) etw entscheiden [o anordnen] [o bestimmen]
    ▪ to \rule that... entscheiden, dass...
    the courts have \ruled his brave action [to be] illegal die Gerichte entschieden, dass seine mutige Tat illegal war
    5.
    ▶ to \rule the roost der Herr im Haus sein, die Hosen anhaben hum fam
    III. vi
    1. (control) herrschen; king, queen regieren
    2. LAW
    ▪ to \rule on sth in etw dat entscheiden
    only the appeal court can \rule on this point nur das Berufungsgericht kann in diesem Punkt entscheiden
    to \rule for [or in favour of] /against sb zu Gunsten von jdm/gegen jdn entscheiden
    3. ECON (be current) gelten
    4.
    ▶ he \rules, OK! BRIT, AUS ( hum fam) er ist der Größte!
    * * *
    [ruːl]
    1. n
    1) (= regulation) Regel f; (SPORT, CARDS) (Spiel)regel f; (ADMIN) Vorschrift f, Bestimmung f

    to bend or stretch the rules — es mit den Regeln/Vorschriften nicht so genau nehmen

    running is against the rules, it's against the rules to run — Rennen ist nicht erlaubt

    it's a rule that... —

    that's the rule of the road (Mot) the Franciscan rule — das ist im Straßenverkehr üblich die Regeln des Franziskanerordens

    as a rule of thumb — als Faustregel

    rule book — Regelheft nt, Vorschriftenbuch nt

    2) (= custom) Regel f

    I make it a rule to get up early — ich habe es mir zur Regel gemacht, früh aufzustehen

    as a (general) rule —

    3) (= authority, reign) Herrschaft f; (= period) Regierungszeit f
    4) (for measuring) Metermaß nt, Maßstab m

    a foot rule (1 foot long) (showing feet) — ein (30 cm langes) Lineal ein Maßstab m mit Fußeinteilung

    See:
    → slide rule
    2. vt
    1) (= govern) beherrschen, regieren; (individual) beherrschen, herrschen über (+acc); (fig) passions, emotion beherrschen, zügeln; person beherrschen

    to be ruled by emotions —

    if you would only be ruled by what I say — wenn du nur auf mich hören würdest

    2) (JUR, SPORT, ADMIN: give decision) entscheiden

    his question was ruled out of order —

    3) (= draw lines on) paper linieren; (= draw) line, margin ziehen
    3. vi
    1) (lit, fig: reign) herrschen (over über +acc), regieren (
    over +acc)
    2) (FIN: prices) notieren
    3) (JUR) entscheiden (against gegen, in favour of für, on in +dat)
    * * *
    rule [ruːl]
    A s
    1. Regel f, Normalfall m, (das) Übliche:
    as a rule in der Regel, normalerweise;
    as is the rule wie es allgemein üblich ist, wie gewöhnlich;
    become the rule zur Regel werden;
    make it a rule to do sth es sich zur Regel machen, etwas zu tun;
    my rule is ( oder it is a rule with me) to do sth ich habe es mir zur Regel gemacht, etwas zu tun;
    by all the rules eigentlich; → exception 1
    2. SPORT etc (Spiel)Regel f (auch fig), Richtschnur f, Grundsatz m:
    against the rules regelwidrig, gegen die Regeln;
    rules of action ( oder conduct) Verhaltensmaßregeln, Richtlinien;
    rule of thumb Faustregel;
    by rule of thumb über den Daumen gepeilt umg;
    serve as a rule als Richtschnur oder Maßstab dienen
    3. JUR etc
    a) Vorschrift f, (gesetzliche) Bestimmung, Norm f
    b) (gerichtliche) Entscheidung
    c) Rechtsgrundsatz m:
    by rule, according to rule laut Vorschrift;
    rules of the air Luftverkehrsregeln;
    rule of the road Verkehrsregeln pl; → work B 1
    4. pl (Geschäfts-, Gerichts- etc) Ordnung f:
    (standing) rules of procedure
    a) Verfahrensordnung,
    b) Geschäftsordnung
    5. auch standing rule Satzung f:
    against the rules satzungswidrig;
    the rules (and bylaws) die Satzungen, die Statuten
    6. WIRTSCH Usance f, Handelsbrauch m
    7. MATH Regel f, Rechnungsart f:
    rule of proportion, rule of three Regeldetri f, Dreisatz m;
    rule of sums Summenregel
    8. REL (Ordens) Regel f
    9. Herrschaft f, Regierung f:
    during (under) the rule of während (unter) der Regierung (gen);
    rule of law Rechtsstaatlichkeit f
    10. a) Lineal n, Maßstab m
    b) Zollstock m: → slide rule
    11. TECH
    a) Richtscheit n
    b) Winkel(eisen) m(n), -maß n
    12. TYPO
    a) (Messing) Linie f:
    rule case Linienkasten m
    b) Kolumnenmaß n (Satzspiegel)
    c) Br Strich m:
    em rule Gedankenstrich;
    en rule Halbgeviert n
    13. the Rules pl Br HIST Gebiet in der Nähe einiger Gefängnisse, in dem sich Gefangene gegen Kaution aufhalten konnten
    B v/t
    1. ein Land etc, auch fig ein Gefühl etc beherrschen, herrschen oder Gewalt haben über (akk), regieren:
    rule the roost fig das Regiment führen, Herr im Haus sein;
    rule o.s. sich beherrschen
    2. lenken, leiten:
    be ruled by sich leiten lassen von
    3. fig (vor)herrschen in (dat)
    4. anordnen, verfügen, bestimmen, entscheiden ( alle:
    that dass):
    a) jemanden od etwas ausschließen ( auch SPORT),
    b) etwas ablehnen;
    rule sth out of order etwas nicht zulassen oder für regelwidrig erklären;
    rule sb out of order jemandem das Wort entziehen;
    rule offside SPORT auf Abseits entscheiden
    5. a) Papier linieren
    b) eine Linie ziehen:
    rule sth off einen Schlussstrich unter etwas ziehen;
    rule sth out etwas durchstreichen;
    ruled paper liniertes Papier; (Weberei) Musterpapier n
    C v/i
    1. herrschen oder regieren ( over über akk): → O.K. B 1 a
    2. entscheiden (in sb’s favo[u]r zu jemandes Gunsten)
    3. WIRTSCH hoch etc stehen, liegen, notieren:
    rule high (low)
    4. vorherrschen
    5. gelten, in Kraft sein (Recht etc)
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (principle) Regel, die

    the rules of the game — (lit. or fig.) die Spielregeln

    stick to or play by the rules — (lit. or fig.) sich an die Spielregeln halten

    be against the rules — regelwidrig sein; (fig.) gegen die Spielregeln verstoßen

    rule of thumb — Faustregel, die

    2) (custom) Regel, die

    the rule of the house is that... — in diesem Haus ist es üblich, dass...

    3) no pl. (government) Herrschaft, die ( over über + Akk.)
    4) (graduated measure) Maß, das; (tape) Bandmaß, das; (folding) Zollstock, der
    2. transitive verb
    1) (control) beherrschen
    2) (be the ruler of) regieren; [Monarch, Diktator usw.:] herrschen über (+ Akk.)

    rule the roost [in the house] — Herr im Hause sein

    3) (give as decision) entscheiden
    4) (draw) ziehen [Linie]; (draw lines on) linieren [Papier]
    3. intransitive verb
    1) (govern) herrschen
    2) (decide, declare formally) entscheiden ( against gegen; in favour of für)
    Phrasal Verbs:
    * * *
    n.
    Herrschaft f.
    Maßstab -¨e m.
    Regel -n f. v.
    beherrschen v.
    herrschen v.
    herschen v.
    regeln v.

    English-german dictionary > rule

  • 11 point

    point
    1. noun
    1) (the sharp end of anything: the point of a pin; a sword point; at gunpoint (= threatened by a gun).) punta
    2) (a piece of land that projects into the sea etc: The ship came round Lizard Point.) punta, cabo
    3) (a small round dot or mark (.): a decimal point; five point three six (= 5.36); In punctuation, a point is another name for a full stop.) punto
    4) (an exact place or spot: When we reached this point of the journey we stopped to rest.) punto
    5) (an exact moment: Her husband walked in at that point.) momento preciso
    6) (a place on a scale especially of temperature: the boiling-point of water.) punto
    7) (a division on a compass eg north, south-west etc.) punto (cardinal)
    8) (a mark in scoring a competition, game, test etc: He has won by five points to two.) punto
    9) (a particular matter for consideration or action: The first point we must decide is, where to meet; That's a good point; You've missed the point; That's the whole point; We're wandering away from the point.) punto, cuestión
    10) ((a) purpose or advantage: There's no point (in) asking me - I don't know.) sentido
    11) (a personal characteristic or quality: We all have our good points and our bad ones.) cualidad
    12) (an electrical socket in a wall etc into which a plug can be put: Is there only one electrical point in this room?) toma

    2. verb
    1) (to aim in a particular direction: He pointed the gun at her.) apuntar
    2) (to call attention to something especially by stretching the index finger in its direction: He pointed (his finger) at the door; He pointed to a sign.) señalar, apuntar
    3) (to fill worn places in (a stone or brick wall etc) with mortar.) rejuntar
    •
    - pointer
    - pointless
    - pointlessly
    - points
    - be on the point of
    - come to the point
    - make a point of
    - make one's point
    - point out
    - point one's toes
    point1 n
    1. punta
    2. punto
    3. momento
    at the point when I left, they were winning 3 1 en el momento en que me fui, ganaban 3 a 1
    4. coma
    four point five (4.5) cuatro coma cinco (4,5)
    En el sistema inglés, los millares se separan con una coma y los decimales con un punto, así que tres mil ochocientas treinta y cinco se escribiría 3,835 y treinta y ocho coma veinticinco se escribiría 38.25
    5. sentido
    there's no point in waiting, he's not coming no tiene sentido esperar, no viene
    point2 vb señalar / indicar
    tr[pɔɪnt]
    1 (sharp end - of knife, nail, pencil) punta
    2 (place) punto, lugar nombre masculino
    ■ meeting point punto de encuentro, punto de reunión
    3 (moment) momento, instante nombre masculino, punto
    ■ at that point en aquel momento, entonces
    4 (state, degree) punto, extremo
    5 (on scale, graph, compass) punto; (on thermometer) grado
    ■ what's the boiling point of water? ¿cuál es el punto de ebullición del agua?
    6 SMALLSPORT/SMALL (score, mark) punto, tanto
    7 SMALLFINANCE/SMALL entero
    8 (item, matter, idea, detail) punto
    ■ I see your point ya veo lo que quieres decir, entiendo lo que quieres decir
    ■ point taken! ¡de acuerdo!
    9 (central idea, meaning) idea, significado
    10 (purpose, use) sentido, propósito
    ■ what's the point? ¿para qué?
    ■ what's the point of... ¿qué sentido tiene...
    ■ there's no point in... no vale la pena...
    11 (quality, ability) cualidad nombre femenino
    12 SMALLGEOGRAPHY/SMALL punta, cabo
    13 SMALLMATHEMATICS/SMALL (in geometry) punto (de intersección)
    14 (on compass) punto (cardinal)
    1 (show) señalar
    1 (with weapon) apuntar
    2 (direct) señalar, indicar
    3 (wall, house) ajuntar
    1 SMALLBRITISH ENGLISH/SMALL (on railway) agujas nombre femenino plural
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    at the point of a gun a punta de pistola
    in point of fact de hecho, en realidad
    to be beside the point no venir al caso
    to be on the point of doing something estar a punto de hacer algo
    to be to the point ser relevante y conciso,-a
    to dance on points bailar de puntas
    to get to the point ir al grano
    to make a point of doing something proponerse hacer algo, poner empeño en hacer algo
    to reach the point of no return no poder echarse atrás
    up to a point hasta cierto punto
    point of view punto de vista
    weak point punto débil
    point ['pɔɪnt] vt
    1) sharpen: afilar (la punta de)
    2) indicate: señalar, indicar
    to point the way: señalar el camino
    3) aim: apuntar
    4)
    to point out : señalar, indicar
    point vi
    1)
    to point at : señalar (con el dedo)
    2)
    to point to indicate: señalar, indicar
    1) item: punto m
    the main points: los puntos principales
    2) quality: cualidad f
    her good points: sus buenas cualidades
    it's not his strong point: no es su (punto) fuerte
    it's beside the point: no viene al caso
    to get to the point: ir al grano
    to stick to the point: no salirse del tema
    4) purpose: fin m, propósito m
    there's no point to it: no vale la pena, no sirve para nada
    5) place: punto m, lugar m
    points of interest: puntos interesantes
    6) : punto m (en una escala)
    boiling point: punto de ebullición
    7) moment: momento m, coyuntura f
    at this point: en este momento
    8) tip: punta f
    9) headland: punta f, cabo m
    10) period: punto m (marca de puntuación)
    11) unit: punto m
    he scored 15 points: ganó 15 puntos
    shares fell 10 points: las acciones bajaron 10 enteros
    compass points : puntos mpl cardinales
    decimal point : punto m decimal, coma f
    n.
    • cabo s.m.
    • entero s.m.
    • extremo s.m.
    • finalidad s.f.
    • pico s.m.
    • propósito s.m.
    • punta s.f.
    • puntilla s.f.
    • punto s.m.
    • púa s.f.
    • tanto s.m.
    v.
    • afilar v.
    • apuntar v.
    • asestar v.
    • clavetear v.
    • encarar v.
    • señalar v.
    pɔɪnt
    I
    1) noun
    2) c
    a) ( dot) punto m

    1.5 — (léase: one point five) 1,5 (read as: uno coma cinco) 1.5 (read as: uno punto cinco) (AmL)

    3) c
    a) ( in space) punto m

    point of departure — punto m de partida

    things have reached such a point that... — las cosas han llegado a tal punto or a tal extremo que...

    the point of no return: we've reached the point of no return — ahora ya no nos podemos echar atrás

    b) ( on scale) punto m

    freezing/boiling point — punto de congelación/ebullición

    you're right, up to a point — hasta cierto punto tienes razón

    she is reserved to the point of coldness — es tan reservada, que llega a ser fría

    4) c ( in time) momento m

    at this point — en ese/este momento or instante

    he was at the point of death — (frml) estaba agonizando

    to be on the point of -ing — estar* a punto de + inf

    5) c (in contest, exam) punto m

    to win on points — ( in boxing) ganar por puntos

    to make points with somebody — (AmE) hacer* méritos con alguien; match point, set I 4)

    6) c
    a) (item, matter) punto m

    point of honor — cuestión f de honor or pundonor

    point of order — moción f de orden

    to bring up o raise a point — plantear una cuestión

    to make a point of -ing: I'll make a point of watching them closely me encargaré de vigilarlos de cerca; to stretch a point — hacer* una excepción

    b) ( argument)

    yes, that's a point — sí, ese es un punto interesante

    to make a point: that was a very interesting point you made lo que señalaste or planteaste or dijiste es muy interesante; she made the point that... observó que...; all right, you've made your point! sí, bueno, ya has dicho lo que querías decir; ( conceding) sí, bueno, tienes razón; I take your point, but... te entiendo, pero...; point taken de acuerdo; to prove one's/a point — demostrar* que uno tiene razón or está en lo cierto

    7) (no pl) (central issue, meaning)

    to come/get to the point — ir* al grano

    to keep o stick to the point — no irse* por las ramas, no salirse* del tema

    and, more to the point... — y lo que es más...

    the point is that... — el hecho es que...

    to miss the point — no entender* de qué se trata

    8) u ( purpose)

    what's the point of going on? — ¿qué sentido tiene seguir?, ¿para qué vamos a seguir?

    the whole point of my trip was to see you — justamente iba a viajar (or he viajado etc) nada más que para verte, el único propósito de mi viaje era verte a ti

    9) c (feature, quality)
    10) c
    a) (sharp end, tip) punta f
    b) ( promontory) ( Geog) punta f, cabo m
    11) points pl (BrE Rail) agujas fpl
    12) c ( socket) (BrE)

    (electrical o power) point — toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (AmL)


    II
    1.
    transitive verb (aim, direct) señalar, indicar*

    can you point us in the right direction? — ¿nos puede indicar por dónde se va?, ¿nos puede señalar el camino?

    to point something AT somebody/something: he pointed his finger at me me señaló con el dedo; she pointed the gun at him le apuntó con la pistola; point the aerosol away from you — apunta para otro lado con el aerosol


    2.
    vi
    a) (with finger, stick etc) señalar

    to point AT/TO something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien

    c) (indicate, suggest)

    to point TO something — \<\<facts/symptoms\>\> indicar* algo

    it all points to suicide — todo indica or hace pensar que se trata de un suicidio

    Phrasal Verbs:
    [pɔɪnt]
    1. N
    1) (Geom) (=dot) punto m ; (=decimal point) punto m decimal, coma f

    two point six (2.6) — dos coma seis (2,6)

    2) (on scale, thermometer) punto m

    boiling/freezing point — punto de ebullición/congelación

    3) (on compass) cuarta f, grado m
    4) [of needle, pencil, knife etc] punta f ; [of pen] puntilla f

    • at the point of a sword — a punta de espada

    • with a sharp point — puntiagudo

    5) (=place) punto m, lugar m

    this was the low/high point of his career — este fue el momento más bajo/el momento cumbre de su carrera

    • at all points — por todas partes, en todos los sitios

    • at this point — (in space) aquí, allí; (in time) en este or aquel momento

    • when it comes to the point — en el momento de la verdad

    when it came to the point of paying... — cuando llegó la hora de pagar..., a la hora de pagar...

    • there was no point of contact between them — no existía ningún nexo de unión entre ellos

    • to be on or at the point of death — estar a punto de morir

    • point of departure — (lit, fig) punto m de partida

    • point of entry — (into a country) punto m de entrada, paso m fronterizo

    • from that point on... — de allí en adelante...

    • to reach the point of no return — (lit, fig) llegar al punto sin retorno

    • to be on the point of doing sth — estar a punto de hacer algo

    • abrupt to the point of rudeness — tan brusco que resulta grosero

    • up to a point — (=in part) hasta cierto punto, en cierta medida

    • at the point where the road forks — donde se bifurca el camino

    6) (=counting unit) (in Sport, test) punto m

    • points against — puntos mpl en contra

    • points for — puntos mpl a favor

    • to win on points — ganar por puntos

    • to give sth/sb points out of ten — dar a algo/algn un número de puntos sobre diez

    • to score ten points — marcar diez puntos

    7) (=most important thing)

    the point is that... — el caso es que...

    that's the whole point, that's just the point! — ¡eso es!, ¡ahí está!

    the point of the joke/story — la gracia del chiste/cuento

    • to be beside the point — no venir al caso

    it is beside the point that... — no importa que + subjun

    • do you get the point? — ¿entiendes por dónde voy or lo que quiero decir?

    • to miss the point — no comprender

    • that's not the point — esto no viene al caso, no es eso

    • to get off the point — salirse del tema

    • his remarks were to the point — sus observaciones venían al caso

    to come or get to the point — ir al grano

    to keep or stick to the point — no salirse del tema

    to speak to the point — (=relevantly) hablar acertadamente, hablar con tino

    8) (=purpose, use) [of action, visit] finalidad f, propósito m

    • it gave point to the argument — hizo ver la importancia del argumento

    • there's little point in telling him — no merece la pena or no tiene mucho sentido decírselo

    • there's no point in staying — no tiene sentido quedarse

    • to see the point of sth — encontrar or ver sentido a algo, entender el porqué de algo

    I don't see the point of or in doing that — no veo qué sentido tiene hacer eso

    • what's the point? — ¿para qué?, ¿a cuento de qué?

    what's the point of or in trying? — ¿de qué sirve intentar?

    9) (=detail, argument) punto m

    the points to remember are... — los puntos a retener son los siguientes...

    to carry or gain or win one's point — salirse con la suya

    five-point plan — proyecto m de cinco puntos

    • to argue point by point — razonar punto por punto

    • in point of fact — en realidad, el caso es que

    • I think she has a point — creo que tiene un poco de razón

    you've got or you have a point there! — ¡tienes razón!, ¡es cierto! (LAm)

    • the point at issue — el asunto, el tema en cuestión

    • to make one's point — convencer

    you've made your point — nos etc has convencido

    to make the point that... — hacer ver or comprender que...

    to make a point of doing sth, make it a point to do sth — poner empeño en hacer algo

    • on this point — sobre este punto

    • to press the point — insistir ( that en que)

    • to stretch a point — hacer una excepción

    • I take your point — acepto lo que dices

    point taken! — ¡de acuerdo!

    10)

    • point of view — punto m de vista

    to see or understand sb's point of view — comprender el punto de vista de algn

    11) (=matter) cuestión f

    • point of detail — detalle m

    • point of honour — cuestión f or punto m de honor

    • point of interest — punto m interesante

    • point of law — cuestión f de derecho

    • point of order — cuestión f de procedimiento

    12) (=characteristic) cualidad f

    what points should I look for? — ¿qué puntos debo buscar?

    • bad points — cualidades fpl malas

    • good points — cualidades fpl buenas

    • he has his points — tiene algunas cualidades buenas

    • tact isn't one of his strong points — la discreción no es uno de sus (puntos) fuertes

    • weak point — flaco m, punto m flaco, punto m débil

    13) points (Brit) (Rail) agujas fpl ; (Aut) platinos mpl
    14) (Brit) (Elec) (also: power point) toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (S. Cone)
    15) (Geog) punta f, promontorio m, cabo m
    16) (Typ) (=punctuation mark) punto m

    9 point black — (Typ) negritas fpl del cuerpo 9

    17) (Ballet) (usu pl) punta f

    • to dance on points — bailar sobre las puntas

    2. VT
    1) (=aim, direct) apuntar (at a)

    • to point a gun at sb — apuntar a algn con un fusil

    to point one's finger at sth/sb — señalar con el dedo algo/a algn

    • to point one's toes — hacer puntas

    • he pointed the car towards London — puso el coche rumbo a Londres

    - point the finger at sb
    2) (=indicate, show) señalar, indicar

    • would you point me in the direction of the town hall? — ¿me quiere decir dónde está el ayuntamiento?

    • to point the moral that... — subrayar la moraleja de que...

    • to point the way — (lit, fig) señalar el camino

    3) (Constr) [+ wall] rejuntar
    4) [+ text] puntuar; [+ Hebrew etc] puntar
    3. VI
    1) (lit) señalar

    • to point at or towards sth/sb — (with finger) señalar algo/a algn con el dedo

    • the car isn't pointing in the right direction — el coche no va en la dirección correcta

    • it points (to the) north — apunta hacia el norte

    • the hands pointed to midnight — las agujas marcaban las 12 de la noche

    2) (fig) (=indicate) indicar

    • this points to the fact that... — esto indica que...

    3)

    • to point to sth — (=call attention to) señalar algo

    4) [dog] mostrar la caza, parar
    4.
    CPD

    point duty N — (Brit) (Police) control m de la circulación

    point man N — (=spokesman) portavoz m

    point of reference N — punto m de referencia

    point of sale N — punto m de venta

    points decision N — (Boxing) decisión f a los puntos

    points failure N — (Brit) (Rail) fallo m en el sistema de agujas

    points system N — (gen) sistema m de puntos; (Aut) sistema de penalización por las infracciones cometidas por un conductor que puede llevar a determinadas sanciones (p. ej. la retirada del permiso de conducir)

    points victory, points win N — victoria f a los puntos

    point-of-sale
    * * *
    [pɔɪnt]
    I
    1) noun
    2) c
    a) ( dot) punto m

    1.5 — (léase: one point five) 1,5 (read as: uno coma cinco) 1.5 (read as: uno punto cinco) (AmL)

    3) c
    a) ( in space) punto m

    point of departure — punto m de partida

    things have reached such a point that... — las cosas han llegado a tal punto or a tal extremo que...

    the point of no return: we've reached the point of no return — ahora ya no nos podemos echar atrás

    b) ( on scale) punto m

    freezing/boiling point — punto de congelación/ebullición

    you're right, up to a point — hasta cierto punto tienes razón

    she is reserved to the point of coldness — es tan reservada, que llega a ser fría

    4) c ( in time) momento m

    at this point — en ese/este momento or instante

    he was at the point of death — (frml) estaba agonizando

    to be on the point of -ing — estar* a punto de + inf

    5) c (in contest, exam) punto m

    to win on points — ( in boxing) ganar por puntos

    to make points with somebody — (AmE) hacer* méritos con alguien; match point, set I 4)

    6) c
    a) (item, matter) punto m

    point of honor — cuestión f de honor or pundonor

    point of order — moción f de orden

    to bring up o raise a point — plantear una cuestión

    to make a point of -ing: I'll make a point of watching them closely me encargaré de vigilarlos de cerca; to stretch a point — hacer* una excepción

    b) ( argument)

    yes, that's a point — sí, ese es un punto interesante

    to make a point: that was a very interesting point you made lo que señalaste or planteaste or dijiste es muy interesante; she made the point that... observó que...; all right, you've made your point! sí, bueno, ya has dicho lo que querías decir; ( conceding) sí, bueno, tienes razón; I take your point, but... te entiendo, pero...; point taken de acuerdo; to prove one's/a point — demostrar* que uno tiene razón or está en lo cierto

    7) (no pl) (central issue, meaning)

    to come/get to the point — ir* al grano

    to keep o stick to the point — no irse* por las ramas, no salirse* del tema

    and, more to the point... — y lo que es más...

    the point is that... — el hecho es que...

    to miss the point — no entender* de qué se trata

    8) u ( purpose)

    what's the point of going on? — ¿qué sentido tiene seguir?, ¿para qué vamos a seguir?

    the whole point of my trip was to see you — justamente iba a viajar (or he viajado etc) nada más que para verte, el único propósito de mi viaje era verte a ti

    9) c (feature, quality)
    10) c
    a) (sharp end, tip) punta f
    b) ( promontory) ( Geog) punta f, cabo m
    11) points pl (BrE Rail) agujas fpl
    12) c ( socket) (BrE)

    (electrical o power) point — toma f de corriente, tomacorriente m (AmL)


    II
    1.
    transitive verb (aim, direct) señalar, indicar*

    can you point us in the right direction? — ¿nos puede indicar por dónde se va?, ¿nos puede señalar el camino?

    to point something AT somebody/something: he pointed his finger at me me señaló con el dedo; she pointed the gun at him le apuntó con la pistola; point the aerosol away from you — apunta para otro lado con el aerosol


    2.
    vi
    a) (with finger, stick etc) señalar

    to point AT/TO something/somebody — señalar algo/a alguien

    c) (indicate, suggest)

    to point TO something — \<\<facts/symptoms\>\> indicar* algo

    it all points to suicide — todo indica or hace pensar que se trata de un suicidio

    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > point

  • 12 rule

    ru:l
    1. noun
    1) (government: under foreign rule.) gobierno
    2) (a regulation or order: school rules.) regla, norma, reglamento
    3) (what usually happens or is done; a general principle: He is an exception to the rule that fat people are usually happy.) regla
    4) (a general standard that guides one's actions: I make it a rule never to be late for appointments.) norma
    5) (a marked strip of wood, metal etc for measuring: He measured the windows with a rule.) regla

    2. verb
    1) (to govern: The king ruled (the people) wisely.) reinar, gobernar
    2) (to decide officially: The judge ruled that the witness should be heard.) decidir, fallar (jurídico)
    3) (to draw (a straight line): He ruled a line across the page.) trazar (con una regla)
    •
    - ruler
    - ruling
    3. noun
    (an official decision: The judge gave his ruling.) fallo, decisión
    - rule off
    - rule out
    rule1 n
    1. regla / norma
    you can't do that, it's against the rules no puedes hacer eso, va en contra de las reglas / no puedes hacer eso, está prohibido
    2. gobierno / dominio
    rule2 vb gobernar
    tr[rʊːl]
    1 (regulation) regla, norma
    2 (control) dominio
    3 (of monarch) reinado; (by government) gobierno
    4 (measure) regla
    1 (govern) gobernar; (reign) reinar en
    2 (decree) decretar, dictaminar
    3 (draw) trazar
    1 (govern) gobernar; (reign) reinar
    2 (decree) decretar, dictaminar
    \
    SMALLIDIOMATIC EXPRESSION/SMALL
    as a rule por lo general, por regla general
    to work to rule hacer una huelga de celo
    as a rule of thumb como regla general
    rule ['ru:l] v, ruled ; ruling vt
    1) control, govern: gobernar (un país), controlar (las emociones)
    2) decide: decidir, fallar
    the judge ruled that...: el juez falló que...
    3) draw: trazar con una regla
    rule vi
    1) govern: gobernar, reinar
    2) prevail: prevalecer, imperar
    3)
    to rule against : fallar en contra de
    rule n
    1) regulation: regla f, norma f
    2) custom, habit: regla f general
    as a rule: por lo general
    3) government: gobierno m, dominio m
    4) ruler: regla f (para medir)
    n.
    • arreglo s.m.
    • canon s.m.
    • código s.m.
    • dominación s.f.
    • dominio s.m.
    • estatuto s.m.
    • norma s.f.
    • precepto s.m.
    • regla s.f.
    • reglamento s.m.
    • señoría s.f.
    v.
    • decidir v.
    • dirigir v.
    • gobernar v.
    • imperar v.
    • rayar v.
    • regir v.
    • reinar v.
    ruːl
    I
    1) c (regulation, principle) regla f, norma f

    to bend o stretch the rules — apartarse un poco de las reglas

    to work to rule — ( Lab Rel) hacer* huelga de celo, trabajar a reglamento (CS)

    2) (general practice, habit) (no pl)

    as a rule — por lo general, generalmente

    3) u ( government) gobierno m; ( of monarch) reinado m

    to be under foreign rule — estar* bajo dominio extranjero

    the rule of law — el imperio de la ley; majority 1) a)

    4) c ( measure) regla f

    II
    1.
    1) (govern, control) \<\<country\>\> gobernar*, administrar; \<\<person\>\> dominar; \<\<emotion\>\> controlar
    2) ( pronounce) dictaminar
    3) ( draw) \<\<line\>\> trazar* con una regla

    ruled paper — papel m con renglones


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( govern) gobernar*; \<\<monarch\>\> reinar

    to rule OVER somebody — gobernar* a alguien, reinar sobre alguien

    b) (predominate, be current) imperar
    2) ( pronounce)

    to rule (ON something) — fallar or resolver* (en algo)

    to rule against/in favor of somebody/something — fallar or resolver* en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:
    [ruːl]
    1. N
    1) (=regulation) regla f, norma f
    rules [of competition] bases fpl

    it's the rules — son las reglas, esa es la norma

    it's a rule that all guests must vacate their rooms by 10a.m. — por norma los clientes tienen que dejar la habitación antes de las 10 de la mañana

    • running is against the rules, it's against the rules to run — está prohibido correr

    • to break the rules — infringir las reglas or las normas or el reglamento

    • to make the rules — dictar las normas

    • to play by the rules — (fig) obedecer las reglas or las normas

    • I couldn't stand a life governed by rules and regulations — no soportaría una vida llena de reglas y normas

    • rules of the road — normas fpl or reglamento msing de tráfico

    bend 2., 1), golden, ground, work 2., 1)
    2) (=guiding principle) regla f

    • rule of three — (Math) regla f de tres

    • rule of thumb — regla f general

    as a rule of thumb, a bottle of wine holds six glasses — por regla general, una botella de vino da para seis vasos

    3) (=habit, custom) norma f

    • as a (general) rule — por regla general, en general, normalmente

    • he makes it a rule to get up early — tiene por norma or por sistema levantarse temprano

    exception
    4) (=government) gobierno m ; (=reign) reinado m

    military/one-party rule — gobierno m militar/unipartidista

    • the rule of law — el imperio de la ley

    • under British rule — bajo el dominio británico

    5) (for measuring) regla f
    2. VT
    1) (=govern) gobernar
    - rule the roost
    2) (=dominate, control) controlar, dominar
    heart 1., 2)
    3) (esp Jur) (=declare) dictaminar
    4) (=draw) [+ line] trazar; (=draw lines on) [+ paper] reglar; ruled
    3. VI
    1) (=govern) gobernar; [monarch] reinar

    • to rule over sth/sb — gobernar algo/a algn

    rod
    2) (=prevail) reinar

    United rules OK — (in graffiti) ¡aúpa United!, ¡arriba United!

    3) (=decide) [chairman, president] decidir, resolver; [judge, jury] fallar

    • to rule against sth/sb — fallar or resolver en contra de algo/algn

    • to rule in favour of sth/sb — fallar en or a favor de algo/algn, resolver en or a favor de algo/algn

    • to rule on sth — fallar or resolver or decidir en algo

    4.
    CPD

    we'll do it by or go by the rule book — lo haremos de acuerdo con las normas

    • the rule of law — el estado de derecho

    * * *
    [ruːl]
    I
    1) c (regulation, principle) regla f, norma f

    to bend o stretch the rules — apartarse un poco de las reglas

    to work to rule — ( Lab Rel) hacer* huelga de celo, trabajar a reglamento (CS)

    2) (general practice, habit) (no pl)

    as a rule — por lo general, generalmente

    3) u ( government) gobierno m; ( of monarch) reinado m

    to be under foreign rule — estar* bajo dominio extranjero

    the rule of law — el imperio de la ley; majority 1) a)

    4) c ( measure) regla f

    II
    1.
    1) (govern, control) \<\<country\>\> gobernar*, administrar; \<\<person\>\> dominar; \<\<emotion\>\> controlar
    2) ( pronounce) dictaminar
    3) ( draw) \<\<line\>\> trazar* con una regla

    ruled paper — papel m con renglones


    2.
    vi
    1)
    a) ( govern) gobernar*; \<\<monarch\>\> reinar

    to rule OVER somebody — gobernar* a alguien, reinar sobre alguien

    b) (predominate, be current) imperar
    2) ( pronounce)

    to rule (ON something) — fallar or resolver* (en algo)

    to rule against/in favor of somebody/something — fallar or resolver* en contra/a favor de alguien/algo

    •
    Phrasal Verbs:

    English-spanish dictionary > rule

  • 13 on

    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    put something on the table — etwas auf den Tisch legen od. stellen

    be on the table — auf dem Tisch sein

    write something on the wall — etwas an die Wand schreiben

    be hanging on the wall — an der Wand hängen

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the evidence — aufgrund des Beweismaterials

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    it's just on nine — es ist gerade neun

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    2) (in some direction)
    3) (switched or turned on)

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    5) (being performed)

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    6) (on duty)

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also academic.ru/62377/right">right 4. 4)

    * * *
    [on] 1. preposition
    1) (touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: The book was lying on the table; He was standing on the floor; She wore a hat on her head.) auf, in
    2) (in or into (a vehicle, train etc): We were sitting on the bus; I got on the wrong bus.) in
    3) (at or during a certain day, time etc: on Monday; On his arrival, he went straight to bed.) an, bei
    4) (about: a book on the theatre.) über
    5) (in the state or process of: He's on holiday.) in
    6) (supported by: She was standing on one leg.) auf
    7) (receiving, taking: on drugs; on a diet.) auf
    8) (taking part in: He is on the committee; Which detective is working on this case?) in, an
    9) (towards: They marched on the town.) zu
    10) (near or beside: a shop on the main road.) an
    11) (by means of: He played a tune on the violin; I spoke to him on the telephone.) auf, an
    12) (being carried by: The thief had the stolen jewels on him.) mit
    13) (when (something is, or has been, done): On investigation, there proved to be no need to panic.) als
    14) (followed by: disaster on disaster.) auf
    2. adverb
    1) ((especially of something being worn) so as to be touching, fixed to, covering etc the upper or outer side of: She put her hat on.) auf
    2) (used to show a continuing state etc, onwards: She kept on asking questions; They moved on.) weiter
    3) (( also adjective) (of electric light, machines etc) working: The television is on; Turn/Switch the light on.) an
    4) (( also adjective) (of films etc) able to be seen: There's a good film on at the cinema this week.) hinein
    5) (( also adjective) in or into a vehicle, train etc: The bus stopped and we got on.) im Gange
    3. adjective
    1) (in progress: The game was on.) stattfinden
    2) (not cancelled: Is the party on tonight?) stattfinden
    •
    - oncoming
    - ongoing
    - onwards
    - onward
    - be on to someone
    - be on to
    - on and on
    - on time
    - on to / onto
    * * *
    on
    [ɒn, AM ɑ:n]
    I. prep
    1. (on top of) auf + dat
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat
    2. with verbs of motion (onto) auf + akk
    put the pot \on the table! stell den Topf auf den Tisch!
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach hinauf
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine
    let's hang a picture \on the wall lass uns ein Bild an die Wand hängen
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen, aufsitzen
    3. (situated on) an + dat
    , auf + dat
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss
    \on the balcony/her estate auf dem Balkon/ihrem Gut
    \on the border an der Grenze
    the shop \on the corner der Laden an der Ecke
    \on the hill/mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg
    \on the left/right auf der linken/rechten Seite
    \on platform three auf Bahnsteig [o SCHWEIZ Perron] drei m o nt
    \on track two an Gleis zwei
    4. (from) an + dat
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronleuchter hing von der Decke herab
    5. (clothing) an + dat
    with shoes \on his feet mit Schuhen an den Füßen
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Ehering am Ringfinger
    6. (hurt by) an + dat
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich habe mir den Kopf am Regal angestoßen
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen
    he cut his foot \on some glass er hat sich den Fuß an einer Glasscherbe verletzt
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern
    7. (supported by a part of the body) auf + dat
    to lie \on one's back auf dem Rücken liegen
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen
    8. (in possession of) bei + dat
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du eine Zigarette für mich übrig?
    9. (marking surface of) auf + dat
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?
    he had a scratch \on his arm er hatte einen Kratzer am Arm
    there was a smile \on her face ein Lächeln lag auf ihrem Gesicht
    10. (about) über + akk
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    he commented \on the allegations er nahm Stellung zu den Vorwürfen
    he advised her \on her taxes er beriet sie [o gab ihr Ratschläge] in Sachen Steuern
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand?
    11. (based on) auf + akk... hin
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte
    \on account of wegen + gen
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the bad weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen des schlechten Wetters ab
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich
    dependent/reliant \on sb/sth abhängig von jdm/etw
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    to rely \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen
    12. (as member of) in + dat
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift
    13. (against) auf + akk
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn
    thousands were marching \on Cologne Tausenden marschierten auf Köln zu
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm!
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    two air raids \on Munich zwei Luftangriffe auf München
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten
    to place a limit \on sth etw begrenzen
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen
    to cheat \on sb jdn betrügen
    14. (through device of) an + dat
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon
    she weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    \on the piano am Klavier
    15. (through medium of) auf + dat
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?
    do you like the jazz \on radio? gefällt dir der Jazz im Radio?
    I heard the story \on the news today ich habe die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten gehört
    a 10-part series \on Channel 3 eine zehnteilige Serie im 3. Programm
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein
    to store sth \on the computer etw im Computer speichern
    to put sth down \on paper etw aufschreiben [o BRD, ÖSTERR zu Papier bringen]
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen
    16. (in the course of) auf + dat
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    17. (travelling with) in + dat
    , mit + dat
    I love travelling \on buses/trains ich fahre gerne mit Bussen/Zügen
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren mit der Fähre nach Frankreich
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen
    \on foot/horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    18. (on day of) an + dat
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    \on Saturday morning/Wednesday evening am Samstagvormittag/Mittwochabend
    19. (at time of) bei + dat
    \on his brother's death beim Tod seines Bruders
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    \on arrival/departure bei der Ankunft/Abreise
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden
    20. (engaged in) bei + dat
    we were \on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    21. (regularly taking)
    ▪ to be \on sth etw nehmen
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln
    Richard lives \on a diet of junk food Richard ernährt sich ausschließlich von Junkfood
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    22. (paid by) auf + dat; BRIT
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, dass die gesetzliche Krankenkasse die Kosten übernimmt
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gebe ich aus
    to buy sth \on credit/hire purchase etw auf Kredit/Raten kaufen
    23. (sustained by) mit + dat
    , von + dat
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben
    24. (as payment for) für + akk
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    25. (added to) zusätzlich zu + dat
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    26. (connected to) an + dat
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden
    to be \on the phone AUS, BRIT ans Telefonnetz angeschlossen sein, telefonisch erreichbar sein
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    27. (according to) auf + dat
    \on the agenda/list auf der Tagesordnung/Liste
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    28. (burdening) auf + dat
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen
    that lie has been \on his conscience diese Lüge lastete auf seinem Gewissen
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache demnächst einen Ausbildungslehrgang
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir fahren in zwei Wochen in Urlaub
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden
    to be \on the go BRIT ( fig) auf Trab sein
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    to be \on strike streiken
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort
    sales are up \on last year der Umsatz ist höher als im letzten Jahr
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei Weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    31. (by chance)
    ▪ \on sb ohne jds Verschulden
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ist mir einfach ausgegangen
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    32. after n (following)
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border immer neue Flüchtlingswellen strömten über die Grenze
    33. AUS, BRIT SPORT (having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    34.
    ▶ to be \on sth BRIT, AUS etw verdienen
    ▶ \on the board in Planung
    ▶ to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben
    ▶ to be \on it AUS ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen fam, sich dat die Kanne geben BRD fam
    ▶ what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch bei Sinnen? fam
    II. adv inv
    1. (in contact with) auf
    make sure the lid's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2. (on body) an
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!
    get your shoes \on! zieh dir die Schuhe an!
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen [o SCHWEIZ anlegen] fam
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    with nothing \on nackt
    3. (indicating continuance) weiter
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!
    \on and \on immer weiter
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf
    he talked \on and \on er redete pausenlos
    4. (in forward direction) vorwärts
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt
    later \on später
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?
    to move \on (move forward) weitergehen; (transfer to another place) umziehen
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    5. (being shown)
    ▪ to be \on auf dem Programm stehen
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6. (scheduled) geplant
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7. (functioning) an
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8. (aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on kaum war sie aufgesessen, da galoppierte das Pferd schon los
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    9. (due to perform)
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    10.
    ▪ to be \on employee Dienst haben, im Dienst sein; actor auf der Bühne stehen, spielen
    11. AM (performing well)
    ▪ to be \on gut drauf sein fam
    12.
    ▶ to be \on about sth AUS, BRIT dauernd über etw akk reden
    what are you \on about? wovon redest du denn nun schon wieder?
    he knows what he's \on about er weiß, wovon er redet
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nie, wovon sie es hat fam
    ▶ to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen
    ▶ to be \on AM aufpassen
    ▶ to hang \on warten
    ▶ head \on frontal
    ▶ that's not \on BRIT, AUS ( fam) das ist nicht in Ordnung
    ▶ \on and off, off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu
    ▶ side [or sideways] \on AUS, BRIT seitlich
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto
    ▶ to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitzgekriegt haben fam
    ▶ to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen
    ▶ this way \on AUS, BRIT auf diese Weise
    ▶ to be well \on spät sein
    ▶ to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein
    ▶ you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! fam
    III. adj inv, attr
    1. AM (good) gut
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein
    2. ELEC, TECH
    \on switch Einschalter m
    * * *
    [ɒn]
    1. PREPOSITION
    When on is the second element in a phrasal verb, eg live on, lecture on, look up the verb. When it is part of a set combination, eg on the right, on request, on occasion, look up the other word.
    1) indicating place, position auf (+dat); (with vb of motion) auf (+acc); (on vertical surface, part of body) an (+dat); (with vb of motion) an (+acc)

    he hung it on the wall/nail — er hängte es an die Wand/den Nagel

    a house on the coast/main road — ein Haus am Meer/an der Hauptstraße

    he hit his head on the table/on the ground — er hat sich (dat) den Kopf am Tisch/auf dem or am Boden angeschlagen

    on TV/the radio — im Fernsehen/Radio

    2)

    = by means of, using we went on the train/bus — wir fuhren mit dem Zug/Bus

    on foot/horseback — zu Fuß/Pferd

    3) = about, concerning über (+acc)

    stars visible on clear nights — Sterne, die in klaren Nächten sichtbar sind

    5)

    = earning, getting I'm on £18,000 a year — ich bekomme £ 18.000 im Jahr

    6) = at the time of bei (+dat)

    on hearing this he left — als er das hörte, ging er

    7) = as a result of auf... (acc) hin

    he is on the committee/the board — er gehört dem Ausschuss/Vorstand an, er sitzt im Ausschuss/Vorstand

    he is on the "Evening News" — er ist bei der "Evening News"

    9)

    = doing to be on a course (Sch, Univ) — an einem Kurs teilnehmen

    10)

    = at the expense of this round is on me — diese Runde geht auf meine Kosten

    have it on me — das spendiere ich (dir), ich gebe (dir) das aus

    See:
    → house
    11) = compared with im Vergleich zu

    prices are up on last year( 's) — im Vergleich zum letzten Jahr sind die Preise gestiegen

    12)

    = taking to be on drugs/the pill — Drogen/die Pille nehmen

    13)

    indicating repetition he made mistake on mistake — er machte einen Fehler nach dem anderen

    14)

    musical instrument he played (it) on the violin/trumpet — er spielte (es) auf der Geige/Trompete

    on drums/piano — am Schlagzeug/Klavier

    Roland Kirk on tenor sax — Roland Kirk, Tenorsaxofon

    15) = according to nach (+dat)

    on your theory — Ihrer Theorie nach or zufolge, nach Ihrer Theorie

    2. ADVERB
    1)

    = in place, covering he screwed the lid on — er schraubte den Deckel drauf

    she had nothing on —

    2)

    indicating position put it this way on — stellen/legen Sie es so herum (darauf)

    3)

    indicating forward movement move on! — gehen Sie weiter!, weitergehen!

    4)

    indicating time from now on — von jetzt an

    it was well on in the night — es war zu vorgerückter Stunde, es war spät in der Nacht

    5)

    indicating continuation to keep on talking — immer weiterreden, in einem fort reden

    6)

    set structures __diams; on and on they talked on and on — sie redeten und redeten, sie redeten unentwegt

    he's always on at me — er hackt dauernd auf mir herum, er meckert dauernd an mir herum (inf)

    he's always on at me to get my hair cut — er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren, dass ich mir die Haare schneiden lassen soll

    what's he on about? —

    he knows what he's on about — er weiß, wovon er redet

    3. ADJECTIVE
    1) = switched on, functioning lights, TV, radio an; brake angezogen; electricity, gas an(gestellt)

    the "on" switch — der Einschalter

    in the "on" position —

    2) = in place lid, cover drauf

    his hat/tie was on crookedly — sein Hut saß/sein Schlips hing schief

    his hat/coat was already on — er hatte den Hut schon auf/den Mantel schon an

    3)

    = taking place there's a tennis match on at the moment — ein Tennismatch ist gerade im Gang

    what's on in London? —

    4)

    = being performed, performing to be on (in theatre, cinema) — gegeben or gezeigt werden; (on TV, radio) gesendet or gezeigt werden

    who's on tonight? (Theat, Film) — wer spielt heute Abend?, wer tritt heute Abend auf?; (TV) wer kommt heute Abend (im Fernsehen)?

    you're on now (Theat, Rad, TV) — Ihr Auftritt!, Sie sind (jetzt) dran (inf)

    tell me when the English team is on — sagen Sie mir, wenn die englische Mannschaft dran ist or drankommt

    5)

    indicating agreement, acceptability to be on (bet, agreement) — gelten

    you're on! —

    are you on? ( inf = are you with us ) —,, machst du mit?

    you're/he's not on ( Brit inf ) — das ist nicht drin (inf)

    * * *
    on [ɒn; US auch ɑn]
    A präp
    1. meist auf (dat oder akk) ( siehe die mit on verbundenen Wörter)
    2. (getragen von) auf (dat), an (dat), in (dat):
    the scar on his face die Narbe in seinem Gesicht;
    a ring on one’s finger ein Ring am Finger;
    have you got a lighter on you? haben Sie ein Feuerzeug bei sich?;
    find sth on sb etwas bei jemandem finden
    4. (Richtung, Ziel) auf (akk) … (hin), an (akk), zu:
    a blow on the chin ein Schlag ans Kinn;
    drop sth on the floor etwas auf den Fußboden oder zu Boden fallen lassen;
    hang sth on a peg etwas an einen Haken hängen
    5. fig (auf der Grundlage von) auf (akk) … (hin):
    based on facts auf Tatsachen begründet;
    live on air von (der) Luft leben;
    this car runs on petrol dieser Wagen fährt mit Benzin;
    a scholar on a foundation ein Stipendiat (einer Stiftung);
    borrow on jewels sich auf Schmuck(stücke) Geld borgen;
    a duty on silk (ein) Zoll auf Seide;
    interest on one’s capital Zinsen auf sein Kapital
    6. (aufeinanderfolgend) auf (akk), über (akk), nach:
    loss on loss Verlust auf oder über Verlust, ein Verlust nach dem andern;
    be on one’s second glass bei seinem zweiten Glas sein
    7. (gehörig) zu, (beschäftigt) bei, in (dat), an (dat):
    be on a committee (the jury, the general staff) zu einem Ausschuss (zu den Geschworenen, zum Generalstab) gehören;
    be on the “Daily Mail” bei der „Daily Mail“ (beschäftigt) sein
    8. (Zustand) in (dat), auf (dat):
    be on sth etwas (ein Medikament etc) (ständig) nehmen;
    be on pills tablettenabhängig oder -süchtig sein
    9. (gerichtet) auf (akk):
    a joke on me ein Spaß auf meine Kosten;
    shut (open) the door on sb jemandem die Tür verschließen (öffnen);
    the strain tells severely on him die Anstrengung nimmt ihn sichtlich mit;
    it’s on me umg das geht auf meine Rechnung, das zahle ich, (im Lokal auch) du bist eingeladen;
    a) jemandem nichts voraus haben,
    b) jemandem nichts anhaben können;
    have sth on sb umg eine Handhabe gegen jemanden haben, etwas Belastendes über jemanden wissen
    10. (Thema) über (akk):
    an agreement (a lecture, an opinion) on sth;
    11. (Zeitpunkt) an (dat):
    on Sunday, on the 1st of April, on April 1st;
    on or after April 1st ab oder mit Wirkung vom 1. April;
    on or before April 1st bis zum oder bis spätestens am 1. April;
    on being asked als ich etc (danach) gefragt wurde
    12. nachdem:
    on leaving school, he … nachdem er die Schule verlassen hatte, …
    13. gegenüber, im Vergleich zu:
    losses were £100,000 down on the previous year
    B adv
    place ( screw, etc) on
    a) an…:
    b) auf…:
    keep one’s hat on
    talk ( walk, etc) on;
    and so on und so weiter;
    on and on immer weiter;
    a) ab und zu,
    b) ab und an, mit Unterbrechungen;
    from that day on von dem Tage an;
    on with the show! weiter im Programm!;
    on to … auf (akk) … (hinauf oder hinaus)
    C adj präd
    a) im Gange sein (Spiel etc), vor sich gehen:
    what’s on? was ist los?;
    what’s on in London? was ist in London los?, was tut sich in London?;
    have you anything on tomorrow? haben Sie morgen etwas vor?;
    that’s not on! das ist nicht drin! umg
    b) an sein umg (Licht, Radio, Wasser etc), an-, eingeschaltet sein, laufen, auf sein umg (Hahn):
    on - off TECH An - Aus;
    the light is on das Licht brennt oder ist an(geschaltet);
    the brakes are on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    the race is on SPORT das Rennen ist gestartet;
    you are on! abgemacht!
    c) THEAT gegeben werden (Stück), laufen (Film), ( RADIO, TV) gesendet werden (Programm)
    d) d(a)ran (an der Reihe) sein
    e) (mit) dabei sein, mitmachen
    2. be on to umg etwas spitzgekriegt haben, über jemanden od etwas im Bilde sein
    3. umg be a bit on einen Schwips haben;
    be well on ganz schön blau sein
    4. he’s always on at me umg er bearbeitet mich ständig, er liegt mir dauernd in den Ohren ( beide:
    about wegen)
    * * *
    1.
    [ɒn]preposition
    1) (position) auf (+ Dat.); (direction) auf (+ Akk.); (attached to) an (+ Dat./Akk.)

    on the bus/train — im Bus/Zug; (by bus/train) mit dem Bus/Zug

    be on the board/committee — im Vorstand/Ausschuss sein

    2) (with basis, motive, etc. of)

    on the assumption/hypothesis that... — angenommen,...

    3) in expressions of time an [einem Abend, Tag usw.]

    on [his] arrival — bei seiner Ankunft

    on entering the room... — beim Betreten des Zimmers...

    on time or schedule — pünktlich

    4) expr. state etc

    the drinks are on me — (coll.) die Getränke gehen auf mich

    be on £20,000 a year — 20 000 Pfund im Jahr kriegen od. haben

    5) (concerning, about) über (+ Akk.)
    2. adverb
    1)

    with/without a hat/coat on — mit/ohne Hut/Mantel

    boil something with/without the lid on — etwas in geschlossenem/offenem Topf kochen

    the light/radio etc. is on — das Licht/Radio usw. ist an

    what's on at the cinema? — was gibt es od. was läuft im Kino?

    come/be on — seinen Dienst antreten/Dienst haben

    7)

    something is on (feasible) /not on — etwas ist möglich/ausgeschlossen

    you're on! — (coll.): (I agree) abgemacht!; (making bet) die Wette gilt!

    be on about somebody/something — (coll.) [dauernd] über jemanden/etwas sprechen

    what is he on about? — was will er [sagen]?

    be on at/keep on and on at somebody — (coll.) jemandem in den Ohren/dauernd in den Ohren liegen (ugs.)

    on to, onto — auf (+ Akk.)

    be on to something — (have discovered something) etwas ausfindig gemacht haben. See also right 4. 4)

    * * *
    adj.
    eingeschaltet adj.
    in adj. prep.
    an präp.
    auf präp.
    bei präp.
    über präp.

    English-german dictionary > on

  • 14 on

    [ɒn, Am ɑ:n] prep
    1) ( on top of) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    there are many books \on my desk auf meinem Tisch sind viele Bücher;
    he had to walk out \on the roof er musste auf das Dach raus;
    to get \on a horse auf ein Pferd aufsteigen [o aufsitzen];
    \on top of sth [ganz] oben auf etw dat;
    look at that cat \on the chair! schau dir die Katze auf dem Stuhl an!
    2) ( from) auf +dat with verbs of motion auf +akk;
    she hung their washing \on the line to dry sie hängte ihre Wäsche zum Trocknen auf die Leine;
    several bird houses hung \on the branches an den Ästen hingen mehrere Nistkästen;
    to hang a picture \on the wall ein Bild an die Wand hängen;
    a huge chandelier hung \on the ceiling ein großer Kronenleuchter hing von der Decke
    3) ( clothing) an +dat;
    with shoes \on your feet mit Schuhen an deinen Füßen;
    the wedding ring \on the ring finger der Hochzeitsring am Ringfinger
    4) ( in area of) an +dat, auf +dat;
    our house is \on Sturton Street unser Haus ist in der Sturton Street;
    \on the hill/ mountain auf dem Hügel/Berg;
    they lay \on the beach sie lagen am Strand;
    the town is \on the island die Stadt ist auf der Insel;
    her new house is \on the river ihr neues Haus liegt am Fluss;
    \on her estate auf ihrem Gut;
    on the border an der Grenze;
    \on the corner an der Ecke;
    they waited for their train \on platform three sie warteten auf Bahnsteig drei auf ihren Zug;
    \on track two an Gleis zwei;
    our house is the first \on the left unser Haus ist das erste auf der linken Seite;
    \on the balcony auf dem Balkon
    5) ( hurt by) an +dat;
    I hit my head \on the shelf ich stieß mir den Kopf am Regal an;
    she tripped \on the wire sie blieb an dem Kabel hängen;
    he cut his foot \on some glass er schnitt sich den Fuß an Glas auf
    6) ( supported by) auf +dat;
    to stand \on one's head auf dem Kopf stehen;
    he was lying \on his back er lag auf seinem Rücken
    7) ( in possession of) bei +dat;
    to have sth \on one etw bei sich dat haben;
    have you got a spare cigarette \on you? hast du noch eine Zigarette für mich?;
    I thought I had my driver's licence \on me ich dachte, ich hätte meinen Führerschein dabei
    8) ( marking surface of) auf +dat;
    how did you get that blood \on your shirt? wie kommt das Blut auf Ihr Hemd?;
    a scratch \on her arm ein Kratzer an ihrem Arm;
    a smile \on her face ein Lächeln in ihrem Gesicht
    9) ( about) über +akk;
    a debate \on the crisis eine Debatte über die Krise;
    to comment \on the allegations Vorwürfe kommentieren;
    he advised her \on her taxes er gab ihr Ratschläge für ihre Steuern;
    I'll say more \on that subject later ich werde später mehr dazu sagen after pron
    to have something/anything \on sb etw gegen jdn in der Hand haben;
    do the police have anything \on you? hat die Polizei etwas Belastendes gegen dich in der Hand? after n
    a documentary \on volcanoes ein Dokumentarfilm über Vulkane;
    he needs some advice \on how to dress er braucht ein paar Tipps, wie er sich anziehen soll;
    essays \on a wide range of issues Aufsätze zu einer Vielzahl von Themen
    10) ( based on) auf +akk... hin;
    he reacted \on a hunch er reagierte auf ein Ahnung hin;
    he swore \on his word er gab ihr sein Wort;
    \on account of sb/ sth wegen jdm/etw;
    they cancelled all flights \on account of the weather sie sagten alle Flüge wegen dem Wetter ab;
    \on purpose mit Absicht, absichtlich;
    dependent/reliant \on sb/ sth abhängig von jdm/etw;
    to be based \on sth auf etw dat basieren;
    to rely/depend \on sb sich akk auf jdn verlassen;
    he quit his job \on the principle that he did not want to work for an oil company er kündigte seine Stelle, weil er nicht für eine Ölgesellschaft arbeiten wollte;
    to be based \on the ideas of freedom and equality auf den Ideen von Freiheit und Gleichheit basieren
    11) ( as member of) in +dat;
    have you ever served \on a jury? warst du schon einmal Mitglied in einer Jury?;
    how many people are \on your staff? wie viele Mitarbeiter haben Sie?;
    whose side are you \on in this argument? auf welcher Seite stehst du in diesem Streit?;
    a writer \on a women's magazine eine Autorin bei einer Frauenzeitschrift;
    to work \on a farm auf einem Bauernhof arbeiten
    12) after vb ( against) auf +akk;
    the dog turned \on its own master der Hund ging auf seinen eigenes Herrchen los;
    the gangsters pulled a gun \on him die Gangster zielten mit der Pistole auf ihn;
    her eyes were fixed \on his dark profile sie fixiert mit ihren Augen sein düsteres Profil;
    to force one's will \on sb jdm seinen Willen aufzwingen after n
    the attack \on the village der Angriff auf das Dorf;
    they placed certain restrictions \on large companies großen Unternehmen wurden bestimmte Beschränkungen auferlegt;
    there is a new ban \on the drug die Droge wurde erneut verboten;
    to place a limit \on the number of items die Anzahl der Positionen begrenzen;
    he didn't know it but the joke was \on him er wusste nicht, dass es ein Witz über ihn war
    13) ( through device of) an +dat;
    he's \on the phone er ist am Telefon;
    they weaved the cloth \on the loom sie webte das Tuch auf dem Webstuhl;
    Chris is \on drums Chris ist am Schlagzeug;
    \on the piano auf dem [o am] Klavier;
    we work \on flexitime wir arbeiten Gleitzeit
    14) ( through medium of) auf +dat;
    which page is that curry recipe \on? auf welcher Seite ist das Curry-Rezept?;
    I'd like to see that offer \on paper ich hätte dieses Angebot gerne schriftlich;
    to edit sth \on the computer etw im [o auf dem] Computer bearbeiten;
    to be available \on cassette auf Kassette erhältlich sein;
    to come out \on video als Video herauskommen;
    I saw myself \on film ich sah mich selbst im Film;
    what's \on TV tonight? was kommt heute Abend im Fernsehen?;
    the jazz \on radio der Jazz im Radio;
    I heard the story \on the news today ich hörte die Geschichte heute in den Nachrichten
    15) ( during) auf +dat;
    \on the way to town auf dem Weg in die Stadt
    16) ( travelling with) in +dat;
    I love travelling \on buses/ trains ich reise gerne in Bussen/Zügen;
    we went to France \on the ferry wir fuhren auf der Fähre nach Frankreich;
    he got some sleep \on the plane er konnte im Flugzeug ein wenig schlafen;
    \on foot/ horseback zu Fuß/auf dem Pferd
    17) ( on day of) an +dat;
    many shops don't open \on Sundays viele Läden haben an Sonntagen geschlossen;
    what are you doing \on Friday? was machst du am Freitag?;
    we always go bowling \on Thursdays wir gehen donnerstags immer kegeln;
    my birthday's \on the 30th of May ich habe am 30. Mai Geburtstag;
    I'm free \on Saturday morning ich habe am Samstagvormittag nichts vor;
    I always go shopping \on Wednesday morning ich gehe jeden Mittwochvormittag einkaufen;
    \on a very hot evening in July an einem sehr heißen Abend im Juli
    18) ( at time of) bei +dat;
    \on his mother's death beim Tod seiner Mutter;
    \on your arrival/ departure bei Ihrer Ankunft/Abreise;
    \on the count of three, start running! bei drei lauft ihr los!;
    trains to London leave \on the hour every hour die Züge nach London fahren jeweils zur vollen Stunde;
    the professor entered the room at 1:00 \on the minute der Professor betrat den Raum auf die Minute genau um 13.00 Uhr;
    \on the dot [auf die Sekunde] pünktlich;
    \on receiving her letter als ich ihren Brief erhielt;
    \on arriving at the station bei der Ankunft im Bahnhof
    19) ( engaged in) bei +dat;
    we were on page 42 wir waren auf Seite 42;
    he was out \on errands er machte ein paar Besorgungen;
    \on business geschäftlich, beruflich;
    to work \on sth an etw dat arbeiten
    to be \on sth etw nehmen;
    to be \on drugs unter Drogen stehen, Drogen nehmen;
    my doctor put me \on antibiotics mein Arzt setzte mich auf Antibiotika;
    to be \on medication Medikamente einnehmen
    21) ( paid by) auf +dat;
    they bought that TV \on credit sie kauften diesen Fernseher auf Kredit;
    we bought the furniture \on time wir kauften die Möbel auf Raten;
    ( Brit)
    she wants it done \on the National Health Service sie möchte, das der National Health Service die Kosten übernimmt ( fam);
    this meal is \on me das Essen bezahle ich;
    the drinks are \on me die Getränke gehen auf meine Rechnung
    22) ( added to) zusätzlich zu +dat;
    a few pence \on the electricity bill ein paar Pfennige mehr bei der Stromrechnung
    23) ( connected to) an +dat;
    dogs should be kept \on their leads Hunde sollten an der Leine geführt werden;
    \on the phone (Aus, Brit) telefonisch [o am Telefon] erreichbar;
    we've just moved and we're not \on the phone yet wir sind gerade umgezogen und haben noch kein Telefon
    24) ( according to) auf +dat;
    \on the list auf der Liste;
    a point \on the agenda ein Punkt auf der Tagesordnung;
    to be finished \on schedule planmäßig fertig werden;
    \on the whole im Ganzen, insgesamt;
    \on the whole, it was a good year alles in allem war es ein gutes Jahr
    25) ( burdening) auf +dat;
    it's been \on my mind ich muss immer daran denken;
    she had something \on her heart sie hatte etwas auf dem Herzen;
    that lie has been \on his conscience er hatte wegen dieser Lüge ein schlechtes Gewissen
    26) ( sustained by) mit +dat, von +dat;
    does this radio run \on batteries? läuft dieses Radio mit Batterien?;
    what do mice live \on? wovon leben Mäuse?;
    he lived \on berries and roots er lebte von Beeren und Wurzeln;
    I've only got £50 a week to live \on ich lebe von nur 50 Pfund pro Woche;
    people \on average salaries Menschen mit Durchschnittseinkommen;
    they are living \on their savings sie leben von ihren Ersparnissen;
    to live \on welfare von Sozialhilfe leben;
    to go \on the dole stempeln gehen;
    to be \on sth (Brit, Aus) etw verdienen
    to go \on strike streiken;
    to set sth \on fire etw anzünden;
    crime is \on the increase again die Verbrechen nehmen wieder zu;
    to be \on sth ( undertake) etw machen;
    I'll be away \on a training course ich mache einen Ausbildungslehrgang;
    he's out \on a date with a woman er hat gerade eine Verabredung mit einer Frau;
    we're going \on vacation in two weeks wir gehen in zwei Wochen in Urlaub;
    I was \on a long journey ich habe eine lange Reise gemacht;
    to be \on the go ( Brit) ( fig) auf Trab sein;
    did you know that she's got a new book \on the go? hast du gewusst, dass sie gerade ein neues Buch schreibt?
    I can't improve \on my final offer dieses Angebot ist mein letztes Wort;
    the productivity figures are down \on last week's die Produktivitätszahlen sind dieselben wie letzte Woche;
    to have nothing [or not have anything] \on sth kein Vergleich mit etw dat sein;
    my new bike has nothing \on the one that was stolen mein neues Fahrrad ist bei weitem nicht so gut wie das, das mir gestohlen wurde
    to frown \on sth etw missbilligen;
    they settled \on a price sie einigten sich auf einen Preis;
    to congratulate sb \on sth jdn zu etw dat gratulieren;
    he cheated \on her twice er betrog sie zweimal after adj
    she was bent \on getting the job sie war entschlossen, die Stelle zu bekommen;
    don't be so hard \on him! sei nicht so streng mit ihm! after n
    criticism has no effect \on him Kritik kann ihm nichts anhaben
    30) after vb ( as payment for) für +akk;
    I've wasted a lot of money \on this car ich habe für dieses Auto eine Menge Geld ausgegeben after n
    we made a big profit \on that deal wir haben bei diesem Geschäft gut verdient;
    how much interest are you paying \on the loan? wie viel Zinsen zahlst du für diesen Kredit?
    this is \on your shoulders das liegt in deiner Hand, die Verantwortung liegt bei dir;
    the future of the company is \on your shoulders du hast die Verantwortung für die Zukunft der Firma
    \on sb ohne jds Verschulden;
    she was really worried when the phone went dead \on her sie machte sich richtig Sorgen, als das Telefon ausfiel, ohne dass sie etwas getan hatte;
    the fire went out \on me das Feuer ging ohne ihr Zutun aus
    to stumble \on sth über etw akk stolpern;
    to chance \on sb jdn [zufällig] treffen, jdm [zufällig] begegnen
    the government suffered defeat \on defeat die Regierung erlitt eine Niederlage nach der anderen;
    wave \on wave of refugees has crossed the border in Wellen überquerten die Flüchtlinge die Grenze
    35) (Aus, Brit) sports ( having points of)
    Clive's team is \on five points while Joan's is \on seven das Team von Clive hat fünf Punkte, das von Joan hat sieben
    PHRASES:
    to have blood \on one's hands Blut an den Händen haben;
    \on the board in Planung;
    to be \on sb's case [to do sth] (Am) jdn nerven [, damit er/sie etw tut] ( fam)
    \on the fly schnell;
    to be out \on a limb alleine dastehen;
    \on the shelf auf der langen Bank ( fig)
    we've had to put that project \on the shelf wir mussten das Projekt auf die lange Bank schieben ( fig)
    \on side loyal;
    to have time \on one's hands noch genug Zeit haben;
    \on a whim spontan, aus einer Laune heraus;
    to border \on sth an etw akk grenzen;
    to be \on it ( Aus) ( fam) sich akk volllaufen lassen ( fam), sich dat die Kanne geben;
    what are you \on? ( fam) bist du noch ganz dicht? ( fam) adv
    1) ( in contact with) auf;
    make sure the top's \on properly pass auf, dass der Deckel richtig zu ist;
    they sewed the man's ear back \on sie haben das Ohr des Mannes wieder angenäht;
    to screw sth \on etw anschrauben;
    I wish you wouldn't screw the lid \on so tightly schraube den Deckel bitte nicht immer so fest
    2) ( on body) an;
    put a jumper \on! zieh einen Pullover drüber!;
    with nothing \on nackt;
    to put clothes \on Kleider anziehen;
    to have/try sth \on etw anhaben/anprobieren
    to get \on with sth mit etw dat weitermachen;
    to keep \on doing sth etw weitermachen;
    if the phone's engaged, keep \on trying! wenn besetzt ist, probier es weiter!;
    \on and \on immer weiter;
    the noise just went \on and \on der Lärm hörte gar nicht mehr auf;
    we talked \on and \on wir redeten pausenlos
    4) ( in forward direction) vorwärts;
    would you pass it \on to Paul? würdest du es an Paul weitergeben?;
    time's getting \on die Zeit vergeht;
    from that day \on von diesem Tag an;
    they never spoke to each other from that day \on seit diesem Tag haben sie kein Wort mehr miteinander gewechselt;
    later \on später;
    what are you doing later \on? was hast du nachher vor?;
    to move \on ( move forward) weitergehen;
    to urge sb \on jdn anspornen;
    I'd never have managed this if my friend hadn't urged me \on ich hätte das nie geschafft, wenn mein Freund mich nicht dazu gedrängt hätte
    to be \on auf dem Programm stehen;
    are there any good films \on at the cinema this week? laufen in dieser Woche irgendwelche guten Filme im Kino?;
    what's \on at the festival? was ist für das Festival geplant?;
    there's a good film \on this afternoon heute Nachmittag kommt ein guter Film
    6) ( scheduled) geplant;
    is the party still \on for tomorrow? ist die Party noch für morgen geplant?;
    I've got nothing \on next week ich habe nächste Woche nichts vor;
    I've got a lot \on this week ich habe mir für diese Woche eine Menge vorgenommen
    7) ( functioning) an;
    the brakes are \on die Bremsen sind angezogen;
    is the central heating \on? ist die Zentralheizung an?;
    to put the kettle \on das Wasser aufsetzen;
    to leave the light \on das Licht anlassen;
    the \on switch der Einschalter;
    to switch/turn sth \on etw einschalten;
    could you switch \on the radio? könntest du das Radio anmachen?
    8) ( aboard)
    the horse galloped off as soon as she was \on das Pferd galoppierte davon, sobald sie darauf saß;
    to get \on bus, train einsteigen; horse aufsitzen
    you're \on! du bist dran!
    to be \on Dienst haben, im Dienst sein
    to be \on gut drauf sein ( fam)
    PHRASES:
    head \on frontal;
    side \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    the bike hit our car side \on das Rad prallte von der Seite auf unser Auto;
    this way \on (Aus, Brit) auf diese Weise;
    it might fit better if you put it this way \on es passt vielleicht besser, wenn du es so anziehst;
    to be well \on in years nicht mehr der Jüngste sein;
    to be not \on (Brit, Aus) ( fam) nicht in Ordnung sein;
    \on and off;
    off and \on hin und wieder, ab und zu;
    sideways \on (Aus, Brit) seitlich;
    to be well \on spät sein;
    to be \on (Am) aufpassen;
    to hang \on warten;
    to be \on about sth (Aus, Brit) dauernd über etw akk reden;
    I never understand what she's \on about ich verstehe nicht, wovon sie es dauernd hat ( fam)
    to be [or get] \on at sb jdm in den Ohren liegen;
    she's still \on at me to get my hair cut sie drängt mich dauernd, mir die Haare schneiden zu lassen;
    to be \on to sb ( fam) jds Absichten durchschauen;
    to be \on to something ( fam) etw spitz gekriegt haben ( fam)
    you're \on! einverstanden!, abgemacht! ( fam) adj
    inv, attr (Am) ( good) gut;
    this seems to be one of her \on days es scheint einer von ihren guten Tagen zu sein

    English-German students dictionary > on

  • 15 ♦ hold

    ♦ hold (1) /həʊld/
    n. [cu]
    1 presa: to keep hold of st., mantenere la presa su qc.; to catch hold of st., afferrare (o prendere) qc.; to relax one's hold, allentare la presa; (fig.) to relinquish one's hold on st., rinunciare a qc.
    2 stretta: That man has got a strong hold, quell'uomo ha una stretta (di mano) potente
    3 appiglio; punto d'appoggio; sostegno
    4 (fig.) presa (fig.); controllo; influenza; ascendente; autorità: Oliver Cromwell had a great hold over his followers, Oliver Cromwell aveva un grande ascendente sui suoi seguaci; to keep a hold of st., mantenere il controllo di qc.
    5 (fig.) contatto: to lose one's hold on reality, perdere il contatto con la realtà
    6 (fig.) possesso; padronanza; conoscenza
    7 carcere; prigione; guardina
    8 contenitore; vano; scomparto: luggage hold, vano dei bagagli; bagagliaio
    9 rifugio; ricovero; tana
    10 (mus.) corona
    12 ( lotta, judo) presa; immobilizzazione
    14 ( calcio, ecc.) presa ( del pallone)
    ● to get hold of st., afferrare qc.; procurarsi qc.: I must get hold of some more books on this subject, devo procurarmi degli altri libri su questo argomento □ to get hold of sb., (riuscire a) trovare q.; mettersi in contatto con q. □ (fig.) to have a hold over sb., tenere in pugno q.; avere i mezzi per tenere q. sotto controllo □ to lay hold of st., afferrare (o prendere) qc. □ to lose hold of st., lasciarsi sfuggire (di mano) qc.: The climber lost hold of the rope and fell, al rocciatore sfuggì di mano la corda e precipitò □ on hold, in lista d'attesa; (telef.) in attesa: to be on hold, essere in attesa (di parlare); to put a project on hold for a year, rinviare un progetto di un anno; to put sb. on hold, far restare in linea q. ( al telefono); DIALOGO → - Changing a hotel booking- I'll put you on hold while I check, la faccio attendere in linea mentre controllo □ (fig.) to take hold, fare presa; affermarsi; avere effetto; attecchire □ to take hold of, afferrare (o prendere) qc.; impossessarsi di qc. □ No holds barred, ( lotta) tutte le prese sono ammesse; (fig.) tutto è lecito; non vale nessuna regola.
    hold (2) /həʊld/
    n.
    (naut., aeron.) stiva
    ● (naut.) hold beam, baglio di stiva □ (aeron.) cargo hold, bagagliaio.
    ♦ (to) hold /həʊld/
    (pass. e p. p. held)
    A v. t.
    1 tenere; tenere fermo; trattenere; avere; detenere; possedere: to hold a baby in one's arms, tenere in braccio un bambino; They held the shoplifter until the police came, trattennero il taccheggiatore fino all'arrivo della polizia; to hold shares in a business, avere (o detenere, possedere) azioni d'una società commerciale; to hold a degree in economics, avere una laurea in economia; ( sport) to hold a record, detenere un primato; to hold land, possedere terreni; to hold extreme views, avere opinioni estremistiche
    2 ritenere; considerare; reputare: to hold sb. responsible for st., ritenere q. responsabile di qc.; attribuire a q. la responsabilità di qc.; He's held to be an honest man, è considerato (o reputato) un uomo onesto; He holds himself responsible for the misunderstanding, si ritiene responsabile del malinteso
    3 tenere; mantenere; conservare; non dare: A salad, please, but hold the dressing, un'insalata, prego, ma non mi dia la salsa; to hold a fort against the enemy, tenere (o mantenere) un forte contro il nemico; (polit.) to hold one's seat, mantenere il seggio
    4 contenere: This flat cannot hold all my furniture, questo appartamento non può contenere tutti i miei mobili
    5 tenere; fare; svolgere: to hold a meeting, fare (o tenere) una riunione; to hold a conversation [a discussion], fare una conversazione [un dibattito]; to hold a general election, tenere le elezioni (politiche); to hold classes, tenere (o fare) lezione; svolgere un corso
    6 ( anche to hold up) tenere su; sostenere: This pillar holds the platform, questo pilastro sostiene la piattaforma; to hold st. aloft, tenere alto (o sollevato) qc.
    7 tenere desto; tenere vivo ( l'interesse, l'attenzione, ecc.): He hasn't learnt yet how to hold his pupils' interest, non ha ancora imparato a tenere desto l'interesse degli allievi
    8 tenere avvinto; tenere desta l'attenzione di: The speaker held the audience, l'oratore teneva avvinto l'uditorio
    9 ( della polizia) fermare; trattenere; tenere in carcere: They held them for three days, li tennero in carcere tre giorni
    10 tenere (o avere) in serbo; riservare: Life holds many surprises, la vita riserva molte sorprese
    11 obbligare; vincolare: to hold sb. to his word, obbligare q. a mantenere la parola
    12 occupare, ricoprire ( una carica, ecc.)
    13 (spec. leg.) giudicare: He was held guilty, è stato giudicato colpevole
    14 (trasp.) tenere fermo, far aspettare ( un treno, un aereo, ecc. in partenza)
    15 (mus.) prolungare, filare, sostenere ( una nota)
    18 ( calcio, ecc.) parare
    B v. i.
    1 tenere; reggere; resistere: I don't think this rope will hold, non credo che questa corda tenga
    2 tenere; reggere; resistere nel tempo; durare: The favourable wind held for two days, il vento favorevole è durato due giorni; How long will oil prices hold?, quanto tempo reggeranno i prezzi del petrolio?
    3 mantenere la presa; stare (o restare) attaccato; fare presa; tenere: This glue won't hold, questa colla non tiene; Hold tight!, tienti stretto!
    4 (tel.) attendere in linea: DIALOGO → - Booking a room by phone- Could you hold please while I check?, le dispiace attendere in linea mentre controllo?
    5 (= to hold good) restare valido; rimanere: Their offer will hold until tomorrow, la loro offerta è valida fino a domani
    6 tenersi; comportarsi: to hold ( oneself) aloof, tenersi a distanza; comportarsi in modo distaccato; (fig.) essere altezzoso
    7 (naut.: dell'ancora, ecc.) fare presa; agguantare
    ● to hold sb. [st.] at bay, tenere a bada q. [qc.] □ to hold one's breath, tenere il fiato; trattenere il respiro; stare col fiato sospeso □ not to hold a candle to, non reggere il confronto con: Their products cannot hold a candle to ours, i loro prodotti non reggono il confronto con i nostri; fra i loro prodotti e i nostri non c'è paragone □ to hold a course, ( all'università, ecc.) tenere un corso; (naut., aeron.) tenere una rotta □ to hold court, tener corte; (fig.) tener banco □ to hold sb. [st.] dear, tenere (o avere) caro q. [qc.] □ (fam.) Hold everything!, fermi tutti!; un momento! □ to hold fast, bloccare; tenere fermo □ to hold fast to, tenersi stretto a, aggrapparsi a; (fig.) mantenersi fedele a; non rinnegare: The candidate urged the party to hold fast to its traditions, il candidato ha esortato il partito a non rinnegare le proprie tradizioni □ (mil.) to hold fire, smettere di sparare; cessare il fuoco □ to hold firm, tener duro; resistere □ (fig.) to hold the fort, avere temporaneamente il comando; mandare avanti la baracca ( subentrando temporaneamente ad altri) □ ( nelle corse) to hold the gap, mantenere il distacco □ ( anche leg.) to hold good, essere valido □ to hold one's ground, tenere il campo, difendersi bene; tener duro, resistere; non cedere; restare della propria opinione □ to hold one's hand, indugiare; trattenersi (dal punire q., ecc.) □ ( anche fig.) to hold sb. 's hand, tenere q. per mano □ to hold hands with sb., tenersi per mano: The two little girls were holding hands, le due bambine si tenevano per mano □ (fam.) Hold hard!, fermati!; aspetta! ( anche fig.) □ to hold one's head high, andare a testa alta; tenere alta la testa □ to hold sb. in suspense, tenere q. in ansia, sulla corda (fig.), sulle spine (fig.) □ Hold it!, ferma!; fermi!; un momento! □ to hold the line, tener duro, resistere, non cedere terreno (fig.); (telef.) restare in linea: DIALOGO → - On the phone- Can you hold the line please?, può rimanere in linea per favore? □ ( sport) to hold a match, disputare un incontro (o una partita) □ ( anche fig.) to hold one's nose, tapparsi (o turarsi) il naso □ to hold the office of chairman, ricoprire la carica di presidente □ (polit.) to hold office, essere in carica; restare al potere: The conservatives held office for six years, i conservatori sono rimasti al potere per sei anni □ to hold oneself, tenersi: They held themselves in readiness for the fight, si tenevano pronti al combattimento □ to hold one's own ( against), tener duro (nei confronti di); resistere, non cedere (a) □ (polit.) to hold a Parliament, convocare il parlamento □ to hold one's peace = to hold one's peace ► peace □ ( tennis) to hold ( one's) serve (o service), tenere il servizio □ to hold one's tongue = to hold one's tongue ► tongue □ to hold one's sides with laughter, tenersi la pancia dalle risa □ to hold still, stare fermo (o quieto): Hold still while I comb your hair, sta' fermo mentre ti pettino! □ to hold sb. still, tener fermo, trattenere q. □ (leg.) to hold sb. to bail, vincolare q. con il versamento d'una cauzione □ to hold sb. to his promise, far mantenere la promessa (o la parola) a q. □ to hold true, essere valido; valere; essere corretto: This principle holds true for ( o of) any scientific investigation, questo principio vale per ogni indagine scientifica □ to hold the view ( that), essere del parere (o d'avviso) (che) □ (fig. fam.) to be left holding the baby ( USA: the bag), restare col cerino acceso in mano; prendersi la patata bollente □ (fig.) not to hold water, ( di una scusa, un ragionamento, ecc.) non stare in piedi; fare acqua da tutte le parti □ (fig., fam.) Hold your horses!, adagio!; piano!; pianino!

    English-Italian dictionary > ♦ hold

  • 16 on

    on [ɒn]
    sur ⇒ 1A (a)-(d), 1A (f), 1B (a), 1C (a), 1C (d), 1D (a)-(c), 1D (j) à ⇒ 1A (c), 1D (f), 1D (h), 1D (i), 1D (j), 1F (c), 1F (f) en ⇒ 1A (c), 1F (g) par rapport à ⇒ 1C (e) selon ⇒ 1D (d) de ⇒ 1F (d) allumé ⇒ 3 (a) ouvert ⇒ 3 (a) en marche ⇒ 3 (a) de garde ⇒ 3 (c) de service ⇒ 3 (c)
    A.
    ∎ the vase is on the shelf le vase est sur l'étagère;
    ∎ put it on the shelf mets-le sur l'étagère;
    ∎ on the floor par terre;
    ∎ on the ceiling au plafond;
    ∎ there are posters on the walls il y a des affiches aux ou sur les murs;
    ∎ there was blood on the walls il y avait du sang sur les murs;
    ∎ a coat was hanging on the hook un manteau était accroché à la patère;
    ∎ the post with the seagull on it le poteau sur lequel il y a la mouette;
    ∎ he has a ring on his finger il a une bague au doigt;
    ∎ to lie on one's back/side être allongé sur le dos/côté;
    ∎ on this side de ce côté;
    ∎ on the other side of the page de l'autre côté de la page;
    ∎ on page four à la quatrième page, à la page quatre;
    ∎ on the left/right à gauche/droite
    ∎ I had nothing to write on je n'avais rien sur quoi écrire;
    ∎ red on a green background rouge sur un fond vert
    (c) (indicating general location, area)
    ∎ he works on a building site il travaille sur un chantier;
    ∎ they live on a farm ils habitent une ferme;
    ∎ there's been an accident on the M1 il y a eu un accident sur la M1;
    ∎ room on the second floor chambre au second (étage);
    ∎ on Arran/the Isle of Wight sur Arran/l'île de Wight;
    ∎ on Corsica/Crete en Corse/Crète;
    ∎ on Majorca/Minorca à Majorque/Minorque
    ∎ I kissed him on the cheek je l'ai embrassé sur la joue;
    ∎ someone tapped me on the shoulder quelqu'un m'a tapé sur l'épaule
    ∎ the village is right on the lake/sea le village est juste au bord du lac/de la mer
    (f) (indicating movement, direction)
    ∎ the mirror fell on the floor la glace est tombée par terre;
    ∎ to climb on(to) a wall grimper sur un mur;
    ∎ they marched on the capital ils marchèrent sur la capitale;
    ∎ don't tread on it ne marchez pas dessus
    B.
    ∎ I only had £10 on me je n'avais que 10 livres sur moi;
    ∎ she's got a gun on her elle est armée
    ∎ he had a scornful smile on his face il affichait un sourire plein de mépris
    C.
    (a) (indicating purpose of money, time, effort spent) sur;
    ∎ I spent hours on that essay j'ai passé des heures sur cette dissertation;
    ∎ she spent £1,000 on her new stereo elle a dépensé 1000 livres pour acheter sa nouvelle chaîne hi-fi;
    ∎ to put money on a horse parier ou miser sur un cheval;
    ∎ what are you working on at the moment? sur quoi travaillez-vous en ce moment?
    ∎ I am here on business je suis ici pour affaires;
    ∎ to be on strike être en grève;
    ∎ he's off on a trip to Brazil il part pour un voyage au Brésil;
    ∎ to go on safari faire un safari;
    ∎ she was sent on a course on l'a envoyée suivre des cours;
    ∎ I'm on nights next week je suis de nuit la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ he's on lunch/a break il est en train de déjeuner/faire la pause;
    ∎ she's been on the committee for years ça fait des années qu'elle siège au comité
    (c) (indicating special interest, pursuit)
    ∎ she's keen on music elle a la passion de la musique;
    ∎ he's good on modern history il excelle en histoire moderne;
    ∎ she's very big on equal opportunities l'égalité des chances, c'est son cheval de bataille
    ∎ on a large/small scale sur une grande/petite échelle
    (e) (compared with) par rapport à;
    ∎ imports are up/down on last year les importations sont en hausse/en baisse par rapport à l'année dernière;
    ∎ it's an improvement on the old system c'est une amélioration par rapport à l'ancien système
    D.
    (a) (about, on the subject of) sur;
    ∎ a book/film on the French Revolution un livre/film sur la Révolution française;
    ∎ we all agree on that point nous sommes tous d'accord sur ce point;
    ∎ I need some advice on a legal matter j'ai besoin de conseils sur un point légal;
    ∎ could I speak to you on a matter of some delicacy? pourrais-je vous parler d'une affaire assez délicate?;
    ∎ the police have nothing on him la police n'a rien sur lui
    (b) (indicating person, thing affected) sur;
    ∎ it has no effect on them cela n'a aucun effet sur eux;
    ∎ a tax on alcohol une taxe sur les boissons alcoolisées;
    ∎ try it on your parents essaie-le sur tes parents;
    ∎ the government must act on inflation le gouvernement doit prendre des mesures contre l'inflation;
    ∎ he has survived two attempts on his life il a échappé à deux tentatives d'assassinat;
    ∎ it's unfair on women c'est injuste envers les femmes;
    ∎ the joke's on you! c'est toi qui as l'air ridicule!
    ∎ I cut my finger on a piece of glass je me suis coupé le doigt sur un morceau de verre
    ∎ everyone will be judged on their merits chacun sera jugé selon ses mérites;
    ∎ candidates are selected on their examination results les candidats sont choisis en fonction des résultats qu'ils ont obtenus à l'examen
    (e) (indicating reason, motive for action)
    ∎ on impulse sur un coup de tête;
    ∎ the police acted on information from abroad la police est intervenue après avoir reçu des renseignements de l'étranger;
    ∎ I shall refuse on principle je refuserai par principe
    (f) (included in, forming part of)
    ∎ your name isn't on the list votre nom n'est pas sur la liste;
    ∎ the books on the syllabus les livres au programme;
    ∎ on the agenda à l'ordre du jour
    (g) (indicating method, system)
    ∎ they work on a rota system ils travaillent par roulement;
    ∎ reorganized on a more rational basis réorganisé sur une base plus rationnelle
    ∎ on foot/horseback à pied/cheval;
    ∎ on the bus/train dans le bus/train;
    ∎ she arrived on the midday bus/train elle est arrivée par le bus/train de midi;
    ∎ on a bicycle à bicyclette
    ∎ to play a tune on the flute jouer un air à la flûte;
    ∎ who's on guitar/on drums? qui est à la guitare/à la batterie?
    ∎ , Television & Theatre I heard it on the radio/on television je l'ai entendu à la radio/à la télévision;
    ∎ it's the first time she's been on television c'est la première fois qu'elle passe à la télévision;
    ∎ what's on the other channel or side? qu'est-ce qu'il y a sur l'autre chaîne?;
    ∎ on stage sur scène
    ∎ it's all on computer tout est sur ordinateur;
    ∎ on file sur fichier
    E.
    INDICATING DATE, TIME ETC
    ∎ on the 6th of July le 6 juillet;
    ∎ on or about the 12th vers le 12;
    ∎ on Christmas Day le jour de Noël;
    ∎ I'll see her on Monday je la vois lundi;
    ∎ on Monday morning lundi matin;
    ∎ I don't work on Mondays je ne travaille pas le lundi;
    ∎ on a Monday morning in February un lundi matin (du mois) de février;
    ∎ on a fine day in June par une belle journée de juin;
    ∎ on time à l'heure;
    ∎ every hour on the hour à chaque heure;
    ∎ it's just on five o'clock il est cinq heures pile;
    ∎ just on a year ago (approximately) il y a près d'un an
    F.
    ∎ have a drink on me prenez un verre, c'est moi qui offre;
    ∎ the drinks are on me/the house! c'est ma tournée/la tournée du patron!;
    ∎ you can get it on the National Health ≃ c'est remboursé par la Sécurité sociale
    ∎ to live on one's private income/a student grant vivre de ses rentes/d'une bourse d'études;
    ∎ you can't live on such a low wage on ne peut pas vivre avec des revenus aussi modestes;
    ∎ familiar they're on the dole or on unemployment benefit ils vivent du chômage ou des allocations de chômage□ ;
    ∎ to retire on a pension of £5,000 a year prendre sa retraite avec une pension de 5000 livres par an
    ∎ it works on electricity ça marche à l'électricité
    ∎ they live on cereals ils se nourrissent de céréales;
    ∎ we dined on oysters and champagne nous avons dîné d'huîtres et de champagne
    (e) (indicating drugs, medicine prescribed)
    ∎ is she on the pill? est-ce qu'elle prend la pilule?;
    ∎ I'm still on antibiotics je suis toujours sous antibiotiques;
    ∎ the doctor put her on tranquillizers le médecin lui a prescrit des tranquillisants;
    ∎ he's on insulin/heroin il prend de l'insuline/de l'héroïne;
    ∎ he's on drugs il se drogue;
    ∎ familiar figurative what's he on? il se sent bien?
    ∎ he'll deal with it on his return il s'en occupera à son retour;
    ∎ looters will be shot on sight les pillards seront abattus sans sommation;
    ∎ on the death of his mother à la mort de sa mère;
    ∎ on my first/last visit lors de ma première/dernière visite;
    ∎ on the count of three à trois
    ∎ on hearing the news en apprenant la nouvelle;
    ∎ on completing the test candidates should… quand ils auront fini l'examen les candidats devront…
    ∎ the lid wasn't on le couvercle n'était pas mis;
    ∎ put the top back on afterwards remets le capuchon ensuite
    ∎ why have you got your gloves on? pourquoi as-tu mis tes gants?;
    ∎ the woman with the blue dress on la femme en robe bleue;
    ∎ what had she got on? qu'est-ce qu'elle portait?, comment était-elle habillée?;
    ∎ he's got nothing on il est nu
    ∎ to read on continuer à lire;
    ∎ the car drove on la voiture ne s'est pas arrêtée;
    ∎ they walked on ils poursuivirent leur chemin;
    ∎ from now or this moment or this time on désormais;
    ∎ from that day on à partir ou dater de ce jour;
    ∎ well on in years d'un âge avancé;
    ∎ earlier/later/further on plus tôt/tard/loin;
    ∎ on with the show! que le spectacle continue!
    ∎ I've got a lot on this week je suis très occupé cette semaine;
    ∎ have you got anything on tonight? tu fais quelque chose ce soir?
    (e) (functioning, running)
    ∎ put or turn or switch the television on allume la télévision;
    ∎ turn the tap on ouvre le robinet;
    ∎ the lights had been left on les lumières étaient restées allumées;
    ∎ the tap had been left on le robinet était resté ouvert;
    ∎ the car had its headlights on les phares de la voiture étaient allumés
    ∎ I have a bet on j'ai fait un pari
    ∎ to be or go on about sth parler de qch sans arrêt□ ;
    ∎ he's on about his new car again le voilà reparti sur sa nouvelle voiture;
    ∎ what's she on about? qu'est-ce qu'elle raconte?;
    ∎ he's always on about the war/teenagers il n'arrête pas de déblatérer sur la guerre/les adolescents;
    ∎ my parents are always on at me about my hair mes parents n'arrêtent pas de m'embêter avec mes cheveux;
    ∎ I've been on at them for months to get it fixed cela fait des mois que je suis sur leur dos pour qu'ils le fassent réparer
    (a) (working → electricity, light, radio, TV) allumé; (→ gas, tap) ouvert; (→ engine, machine) en marche; (→ handbrake) serré; (→ alarm) enclenché;
    ∎ the radio was on very loud la radio hurlait;
    ∎ make sure the switches are in the "on" position vérifiez que les interrupteurs sont sur (la position) "marche";
    ∎ the "on" button le bouton de mise en marche
    (b) (happening, under way)
    ∎ to be on (actor) être en scène;
    ∎ we're on in ten minutes c'est à nous dans dix minutes;
    ∎ there's a conference on next week il y a une conférence la semaine prochaine;
    ∎ the meeting is on right now la réunion est en train de se dérouler;
    ∎ the match is still on (on TV) le match n'est pas terminé; (going ahead) le match n'a pas été annulé;
    ∎ it's on at the local cinema ça passe au cinéma du quartier;
    ∎ the play was on for weeks la pièce a tenu l'affiche pendant des semaines;
    ∎ your favourite TV programme is on tonight il y a ton émission préférée à la télé ce soir;
    ∎ there's nothing good on (on TV, radio) il n'y a rien de bien;
    ∎ is the party still on? est-ce que la soirée se fait toujours?;
    ∎ is our deal still on? est-ce que notre affaire tient toujours?;
    ∎ the kettle's on for tea j'ai mis de l'eau à chauffer pour le thé;
    ∎ hurry up, your dinner's on dépêche-toi, ton dîner va être prêt
    (c) (on duty → in hospital, surgery) de garde; (→ in shop, administration) de service;
    ∎ I'm on at three o'clock, then off at nine o'clock je commence à trois heures et je finis à neuf heures
    ∎ the odds are twenty to one on la cote est de vingt contre un
    ∎ such behaviour just isn't on! une telle conduite est tout à fait inadmissible!□ ;
    ∎ British it's not on! ça va pas du tout!
    (f) familiar (feasible, possible)
    ∎ we'll never be ready by tomorrow, it just isn't on nous ne serons jamais prêts pour demain, c'est tout bonnement impossible
    ∎ are you still on for dinner tonight? ça marche toujours pour le dîner de ce soir?;
    ∎ shall we say £10? - you're on! disons 10 livres? - d'accord ou tope là!;
    ∎ if you wash the dishes, I'll dry them - you're on! si tu fais la vaisselle, je l'essuie - ça marche!
    ∎ to be on (menstruating) avoir ses ragnagnas
    ∎ we went out together on and off for a year on a eu une relation irrégulière pendant un an
    sans arrêt;
    ∎ he goes on and on about his minor ailments il nous rebat les oreilles avec ses petits problèmes de santé;
    ∎ the play dragged on and on la pièce n'en finissait plus

    Un panorama unique de l'anglais et du français > on

  • 17 Brain

       Among the higher mammals the great development of neocortex occurs.
       In each group of mammals there is a steady increase in the area of the association cortex from the most primitive to the evolutionarily most recent type; there is an increase in the number of neurons and their connections. The degree of consciousness of an organism is some function of neuronal cell number and connectivity, perhaps of neurons of a particular type in association cortex regions. This function is of a threshold type such that there is a significant quantitative break with the emergence of humans. Although the importance of language and the argument that it is genetically specified and unique to humans must be reconsidered in the light of the recent evidence as to the possibility of teaching chimpanzees, if not to speak, then to manipulate symbolic words and phrases, there are a number of unique human features which combine to make the transition not merely quantitative, but also qualitative. In particular these include the social, productive nature of human existence, and the range and extent of the human capacity to communicate. These features have made human history not so much one of biological but of social evolution, of continuous cultural transformation. (Rose, 1976, pp. 180-181)
       [S]ome particular property of higher primate and cetacean brains did not evolve until recently. But what was that property? I can suggest at least four possibilities...: (1) Never before was there a brain so massive; (2) Never before was there a brain with so large a ratio of brain to body mass; (3) Never before was there a brain with certain functional units (large frontal and temporal lobes, for example); (4) Never before was there a brain with so many neural connections or synapses.... Explanations 1, 2 and 4 argue that a quantitative change produced a qualitative change. It does not seem to me that a crisp choice among these four alternatives can be made at the present time, and I suspect that the truth will actually embrace most or all of these possibilities. (Sagan, 1978, pp. 107-109)
       The crucial change in the human brain in this million years or so has not been so much the increase in size by a factor of three, but the concentration of that increase in three or four main areas. The visual area has increased considerably, and, compared with the chimpanzee, the actual density of human brain cells is at least 50 percent greater. A second increase has taken place in the area of manipulation of the hand, which is natural since we are much more hand-driven animals than monkeys and apes. Another main increase has taken place in the temporal lobe, in which visual memory, integration, and speech all lie fairly close together. And the fourth great increase has taken place in the frontal lobes. Their function is extremely difficult to understand... ; but it is clear that they're largely responsible for the ability to initiate a task, to be attentive while it is being done, and to persevere with it. (Bronowski, 1978, pp. 23-24)
       The human brain works however it works. Wishing for it to work in some way as a shortcut to justifying some ethical principle undermines both the science and the ethics (for what happens to the principle if the scientific facts turn out to go the other way?). (Pinker, 1994, p. 427)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Brain

  • 18 stay

    ̈ɪsteɪ I
    1. сущ.
    1) а) пребывание, жительство б) остановка, стоянка в) разг. выносливость;
    выдержка г) юр. отсрочка, приостановка судопроизводства
    2) а) опора, поддержка б) связь, оттяжка;
    мн.;
    уст. корсет (тж. pair of stays) в) тех. люнет
    2. гл.
    1) а) оставаться, задерживаться (тж. stay on) it has come to stay разг. ≈ это надолго stay put Syn: remain б) останавливать, сдерживать;
    задерживать в) (особ. в повел. накл.) медлить, ждать г) юр. приостанавливать судопроизводство
    2) останавливаться, жить (at) ;
    гостить( with)
    3) а) утолять (боль, голод и т. п.) to stay one's hunger/stomach ≈ заморить червячка б) разг. выдерживать, выносить, быть в состоянии продолжать;
    не отставать
    4) а) придавать жесткость, стойкость или прочность конструкции;
    поддерживать, связывать, укреплять б) затягивать в корсет ∙ stay away stay down stay for stay in stay off stay on stay out stay over stay up stay with to stay the course ≈ выдержать до конца( борьбу и т. п.) II гл.;
    мор.
    1) укреплять;
    оттягивать
    2) делать поворот оверштаг пребывание - a long * in London длительное пребывание в Лондоне промедление, задержка;
    остановка - a * upon smb.'s activity помеха в чьей-л. деятельности - to endure no * не терпеть промедления - to put a * on smth. тормозить что-л. выносливость, выдержка (юридическое) отсрочка, приостановление производства дела - * of proceedings приостановление судопроизводства (по делу) ;
    (редкое) прекращение судопроизводства - * of execution приостановление исполнения решения оставаться, не уходить - to * in bed лежать в постели, болеть - to * to dinner остаться обедать - * here (with me) ! останьтесь /побудьте/ здесь( со мной) ! - he *ed with us он остался с нами - he *ed for me after dinner после обеда он задержался, чтобы подождать меня - I can't * мне нужно идти - I can only * a few minutes через несколько минут я должен буду уйти - there is no *ing at home in such fine weather нельзя сидеть дома в такую дивную погоду останавливаться, гостить - to * at /in/ a hotel останавливаться в гостинице - to * at the seaside жить у моря - to * with friends гостить у друзей - to come to * приехать надолго /навсегда/ - to * overnight переночевать( где-л.) - to * over the weekend пробыть( у кого-л.) субботу и воскресенье - he came for a brief visit but *ed (on) for two months он приехал ненадолго, а прожил два месяца - why don't you * with us when you next visit Oxford? почему бы вам не остановиться у нас в ваш следующий приезд в Оксфорд? приостанавливать, задерживать - to * bloodshed остановить кровотечение;
    прекратить, остановить кровопролитие - to * the spread of a disease задержать распространение болезни - to * the rise of prices приостановить рост цен - to * proceedings (юридическое) приостанавливать судопроизводство - to * judgement отсрочить вынесение судебного решения медлить, ждать - * a little before going on with your work передохните немного, а уж потом продолжайте работу утолять - to * one's appetite /one's hunger, one's stomach/ утолить голод, заморить червячка - he offered her a snack to * her stomach он предложил ей перекусить, чтобы заморить червячка ( разговорное) выдерживать, выносить - to * the course продержаться до конца - to * the distance( спортивное) не сойти с дистанции( разговорное) не отставать, не сдавать позиций - to * with the leaders быть в лидирующей группе (в беге и т. п.) - I am confident that no rival could * with him я убежден, что у него нет достойного противника (with) (разговорное) терпеливо выслушивать - * with me a minute longer, I'm sure that I can convince you послушай меня еще минутку. Я уверен, что смогу убедить тебя пребывать, оставаться ( в каком-л. состоянии или положении) - to * calm сохранять спокойствие - to * young оставаться молодым, сохранять молодость - he never *s sober он вечно пьян - he *ed single он не женился - these linen won't * white это белье пожелтеет - the weather *ed bad for three days в течение трех дней стояла скверная погода - the shop *s open till 8 p.m. магазин открыт до 8 часов вечера (out of, off) оставаться вне какого-л. положения, состояния и т. п. - to * out of reach оставаться вне пределов досягаемости - you'll have to * off sweets if you want to reduce weight вам придется отказаться от сладостей, если вы хотите сбросить вес( южно-африканское) (австралийское) жить, проживать, жительствовать постоянно > to * one's hand воздержаться от действий > to * put оставаться на месте;
    не двигаться;
    оставаться неизменным, вечным > the earring won't * put эта серьга все время падает > his name will * put in the history of contemporary literature его имя навеки вписано в историю современной литературы > to (have) come to *, to be here to * установиться, укорениться;
    войти во всеобщее употребление;
    увековечиться > the principle of equal opportunity for men and women has come /is here/ to * принцип равных возможностей для мужчин и женщин укоренился навек > to * on top of smb. сохранять превосходство над кем-л. > the teachers need to be resourceful to * on top of these youngsters учителям нужно быть находчивыми, чтобы никогда не уронить себя перед ребятами опора, поддержка - the only * of the family единственная опора семьи обыкн. pl корсет, шнуровка( техническое) стойка;
    опора;
    люнет (станка) ;
    подкос;
    оттяжка;
    соединительная тяга( морское) опора;
    оттяжка;
    штаг - in *s бейдевинд поддерживать, подпирать;
    укреплять (техническое) связывать;
    придавать жесткость (тж. * up) затягивать в корсет (морское) укреплять штагами;
    оттягивать (морское) делать поворот оверштаг to come to ~ войти в употребление, укорениться, привиться, получить признание;
    it has come to stay разг. это надолго ~ опора, поддержка;
    he is the stay of his old age он его опора в старости (о ком-л.) ~ пребывание;
    I shall make a week's stay there я пробуду там неделю to come to ~ войти в употребление, укорениться, привиться, получить признание;
    it has come to stay разг. это надолго stay разг. выдерживать, выносить, быть в состоянии продолжать;
    не отставать ~ разг. выносливость;
    выдержка ~ мор. делать поворот оверштаг ~ задерживать ~ задержка ~ затягивать в корсет ~ pl уст. корсет (тж. pair of stays) ~ тех. люнет ~ (особ. в повел. накл.) медлить, ждать;
    stay! not so fast! подождите!, не так быстро!;
    куда вы торопитесь? ~ медлить ~ опора, поддержка;
    he is the stay of his old age он его опора в старости (о ком-л.) ~ оставаться, задерживаться (тж. stay on) ;
    stay here till I return побудьте здесь, пока я не вернусь ~ оставаться ~ останавливать, сдерживать;
    задерживать;
    to stay one's hand воздерживаться от действия ~ останавливаться, жить (at) ;
    гостить (with) ~ останавливаться ~ остановка;
    стоянка ~ остановка ~ отсрочивать ~ юр. отсрочка, приостановка судопроизводства ~ отсрочка ~ пребывание;
    I shall make a week's stay there я пробуду там неделю ~ пребывание ~ пребывать ~ придавать жесткость, стойкость или прочность конструкции;
    поддерживать, укреплять, связывать ~ приостанавливать ~ юр. приостанавливать судопроизводство;
    stay away не приходить, не являться ~ приостановление ~ приостановление производства дела ~ промедление ~ связь;
    оттяжка ~ мор. укреплять;
    оттягивать ~ утолять (боль, голод и т. п.) ;
    to stay one's hunger (или stomach) = заморить червячка ~ юр. приостанавливать судопроизводство;
    stay away не приходить, не являться to ~ away (from smb., smth.) держаться подальше( от кого-л., чего-л.) ;
    stay in оставаться дома, не выходить to ~ calm (cool) сохранять спокойствие (хладнокровие) ~ оставаться, задерживаться (тж. stay on) ;
    stay here till I return побудьте здесь, пока я не вернусь to ~ away (from smb., smth.) держаться подальше (от кого-л., чего-л.) ;
    stay in оставаться дома, не выходить ~ (особ. в повел. накл.) медлить, ждать;
    stay! not so fast! подождите!, не так быстро!;
    куда вы торопитесь? ~ of eviction приостановление выселения ~ of execution отсрочка исполнения решения ~ of execution приостановление исполнения решения ~ of proceedings отсрочка судопроизводства ~ of proceedings приостановление судопроизводства ~ on продолжать оставаться;
    задерживаться ~ останавливать, сдерживать;
    задерживать;
    to stay one's hand воздерживаться от действия ~ утолять (боль, голод и т. п.) ;
    to stay one's hunger (или stomach) = заморить червячка ~ out не возвращаться домой ~ out отсутствовать ~ out пересидеть (других гостей) ;
    stay up не ложиться спать;
    to stay the course выдержать до конца (борьбу и т. п.) to ~ put разг. оставаться неизменным to ~ put разг. оставаться неподвижным, замереть на месте;
    оставаться на месте ~ out пересидеть (других гостей) ;
    stay up не ложиться спать;
    to stay the course выдержать до конца (борьбу и т. п.) ~ out пересидеть (других гостей) ;
    stay up не ложиться спать;
    to stay the course выдержать до конца (борьбу и т. п.) temporary ~ временная остановка

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > stay

  • 19 matter

    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    matters — die Dinge

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    it's a matter of complete indifference to me — es ist mir völlig gleichgültig

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    in a matter of minutes — in wenigen Minuten

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    ['mætə] 1. noun
    1) (solids, liquids and/or gases in any form, from which everything physical is made: The entire universe is made up of different kinds of matter.) die Materie
    2) (a subject or topic (of discussion etc): a private matter; money matters.) die Angelegenheit
    3) (pus: The wound was infected and full of matter.) der Eiter
    2. verb
    (to be important: That car matters a great deal to him; It doesn't matter.) bedeuten
    - academic.ru/45646/matter-of-fact">matter-of-fact
    - be the matter
    - a matter of course
    - a matter of opinion
    - no matter
    - no matter who
    - what
    - where
    * * *
    mat·ter
    [ˈmætəʳ, AM -t̬ɚ]
    I. n
    1. no pl (material) Materie f; SCI [Grund-]Stoff m, Substanz f
    organic \matter organische Stoffe pl
    printed \matter Gedrucktes nt, Drucksache[n] f[pl]
    reading \matter Lesestoff m
    vegetable \matter pflanzliche Stoffe pl
    waste \matter MED Schlacken pl
    \matter in suspension Schwebstoffe pl
    \matter constant TECH Materialkonstante f
    2. (affair) Angelegenheit f, Sache f
    that's a different \matter das ist eine andere Sache
    it's a \matter of complete indifference to me das ist mir völlig egal
    this is a \matter for the police das sollte man der Polizei übergeben
    the \matter in [or AM at] hand die Angelegenheit [o Sache], um die es geht
    to get to the heart of the \matter zum Kern der Sache vordringen
    the truth [or fact] of the \matter is... in Wirklichkeit...
    a \matter of urgency etwas Dringendes
    to be no easy \matter doing sth nicht einfach sein, etw zu tun
    family \matters Familienangelegenheiten pl
    financial \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl, Geldsachen pl
    money \matters pl Geldangelegenheiten pl
    a personal \matter eine persönliche Angelegenheit [o Sache]
    in the \matter of... was... angeht
    the British are given pre-eminence in the \matter of tea was Tee angeht, da haben die Briten die Nase vorn
    3. no pl (question) Frage f
    it's simply a \matter of following the recipe/learning the rules man muss einfach nur das Rezept befolgen/die Regeln erlernen
    as a \matter of course selbstverständlich
    a \matter of fact eine Tatsache
    as a \matter of fact (by the way) übrigens, im Übrigen; (expressing agreement or disagreement) in der Tat
    have you got his address? — as a \matter of fact, I have hast du seine Adresse? — ja, die hab ich tatsächlich
    I suppose you're leaving soon? — no, as a \matter of fact, I'll be staying for another two weeks ich nehme an, Sie reisen bald ab? — keineswegs, in der Tat habe ich vor, noch zwei Wochen zu bleiben
    a \matter of form eine Formsache
    as a \matter of interest aus Interesse, interessehalber
    just as a \matter of interest, how much did you pay for it? ich frage nur aus Interesse, aber wie viel hast du dafür bezahlt?
    it's a \matter of life and [or or] death es geht um Leben und Tod
    that's a \matter of opinion das ist Ansichtssache
    a \matter of principle eine Frage des Prinzips
    a \matter of record eine Tatsache
    it's a \matter of record that... es ist allgemein bekannt, dass...
    a \matter of taste eine Geschmacksfrage
    a \matter of time eine Frage der Zeit
    4. no pl (topic) Thema nt
    the subject \matter of the book das Thema des Buches
    it's no laughing \matter das ist nicht zum Lachen
    that's another \matter das ist etwas anderes
    that's another \matter altogether [or quite another \matter] das ist [wieder] etwas völlig [o ganz] anderes
    to let the \matter drop etwas auf sich beruhen lassen; (in a conversation) das Thema fallenlassen
    5. (problem)
    is anything the \matter? stimmt etwas nicht?
    there's nothing the \matter es ist alles in Ordnung
    what's the \matter with you? was ist los mit dir?
    what's the \matter with asking for a pay rise? was ist so schlimm daran, um eine Gehaltserhöhung zu bitten?
    no \matter das macht nichts, [das ist] kein Problem
    no \matter, I'll go myself kein Problem, ich gehe selbst
    no \matter what was auch [immer] passiert
    we've got to get to the airport on time, no \matter what wir müssen pünktlich zum Flughafen kommen, egal wie
    no \matter what/when/who... ganz gleich [o egal], was/wann/wer...
    no \matter what you say, I won't leave him was du auch sagst, ich werde ihn nicht verlassen
    to pretend that nothing is the \matter so tun, als ob nichts wäre
    6.
    ▪ \matters pl (state of affairs) die Situation [o Lage]
    that's how \matters stand at the moment so sieht es im Moment aus
    \matters came to a head with her resignation mit ihrem Rücktritt spitzte sich die Lage dann noch zu
    to help \matters/make \matters worse die Lage verbessern/verschlimmern
    to make \matters worse, it then started to rain heavily zu allem Überfluss fing es auch noch an, in Strömen zu regnen
    to take \matters into one's own hands die Dinge selbst in die Hand nehmen
    7. no pl (amount)
    in a \matter of seconds he was by her side es dauerte nur Sekunden bis er bei ihr war
    it was all over in a \matter of minutes nach wenigen Minuten war alles vorbei
    it's only a \matter of a few dollars es geht nur um ein paar Dollars
    and then there's the little \matter of the 80 euros you owe me und dann ist da noch die Kleinigkeit von 80 Euro, die du mir schuldest
    8. LAW
    \matter of fact Tatfrage f
    \matter of law Rechtsfrage f
    9. TYPO Satzspiegel m fachspr
    10.
    ▶ not to mince \matter kein Blatt vor den Mund nehmen
    ▶ for that \matter eigentlich
    I don't like him, nor does Ann, for that \matter ich mag ihn nicht, und Ann mag ihn im Grunde auch nicht
    ▶ what \matter? ( dated) was macht das schon?
    II. vi
    1. (be of importance) von Bedeutung sein
    to him, animals \matter more than human beings ihm sind Tiere wichtiger als Menschen
    what \matters now is that... worauf es jetzt ankommt, ist, dass...
    that's the only thing that \matters das ist das Einzige, was zählt
    it really \matters to me das bedeutet mir wirklich etwas, das ist wirklich wichtig für mich
    ▪ it \matters that... es macht etwas aus, dass...
    ▪ it doesn't \matter das ist nicht wichtig
    I've spilt something on the carpet — it doesn't \matter ich habe etwas auf dem Teppich verschüttet — das macht nichts
    would you rather go on Wednesday or Thursday — it doesn't \matter möchten Sie lieber am Mittwoch oder am Donnerstag fahren — das ist mir egal
    it doesn't \matter what the guests wear es spielt keine Rolle, wie die Gäste angezogen sind
    it didn't \matter anything to them es war ihnen völlig egal
    ▪ it doesn't \matter if/that... es macht nichts [o fam ist egal], wenn/dass...
    it doesn't \matter how long your hair is as long as it's tidy es spielt keine Rolle, wie lang deine Haare sind, solange sie gepflegt sind
    people who \matter Leute von Einfluss
    2. ( rare) wound eitern
    * * *
    ['mtə(r)]
    1. n
    1) (= substance, not mind) die Materie

    organic/inorganic matter — organische/anorganische Stoffe pl

    2) (particular kind) Stoff m

    advertising matter — Reklame f, Werbung f

    3) (MED: pus) Eiter m
    4) (TYP) (= copy) Manuskript nt; (= type set up) Satz m
    5) (= content) Inhalt m

    the main matter of his speech was... — (der) Hauptgegenstand seiner Rede war...

    6) (= question, affair) Sache f, Angelegenheit f; (= topic) Thema nt, Stoff m

    in the matter of... — was... (+acc) anbelangt, hinsichtlich... (+gen)

    there's the matter of my expenses —

    it's no great matter — das macht nichts, das ist nicht so wichtig

    that's another matter altogether, that's a very different matter — das ist etwas völlig anderes

    it will be no easy matter (to)... — es wird nicht einfach sein, zu...

    it's a serious matter — das ist eine ernste Angelegenheit, die Sache ist ernst

    8)

    I haven't seen him for weeks, nor for that matter has anybody else —

    he wants to complain about it and for that matter, so do I — er will sich darüber beschweren und ich eigentlich auch

    9)

    a matter of — eine Frage (+gen), eine Sache von

    it's a matter of form/time — das ist eine Formsache/Zeitfrage or Frage der Zeit

    it's a matter of taste/opinion — das ist Geschmacks-/Ansichtssache

    it's a matter of adjusting this part exactly — es geht darum, dieses Teil genau einzustellen

    it's a matter of 10 miles from... —

    if it's just a matter of another 10 minutes, then I'll wait — wenn es sich nur noch um 10 Minuten handelt, dann warte ich solange

    it's not just a matter of increasing the money supply — es ist nicht damit getan, die Geldzufuhr zu erhöhen

    it's just a matter of trying harder — man muss sich ganz einfach etwas mehr anstrengen

    you should always take your passport with you as a matter of course — es sollte für Sie eine Selbstverständlichkeit sein, stets Ihren Pass bei sich zu haben

    10)

    I've decided to leave tomorrow, no matter what — ich gehe morgen, egal was passiert

    no matter how/what/when/where etc... — egal, wie/was/wann/wo etc...

    no matter how you do it — wie du es auch machst, egal, wie du es machst

    11)

    sth is the matter with sb/sth — etw ist mit jdm/etw los; (ill) etw fehlt jdm

    what's the matter? — was ist (denn) los?, was ist (denn)?

    what's the matter with you this morning? – nothing's the matter — was hast du denn heute Morgen? – gar nichts

    what's the matter with having a little fun? — was ist denn schon dabei, wenn man ein bisschen Spaß hat?

    something's the matter with the lights — mit dem Licht ist irgendetwas nicht in Ordnung

    as if nothing was the matter — als ob nichts (los) wäre

    2. vi

    it doesn't matter — (es or das) macht nichts, ist schon gut

    I forgot it, does it matter? – yes, it does matter —

    does it matter to you if I go? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn ich gehe?

    doesn't it matter to you at all if I leave you? — macht es dir denn gar nichts aus, wenn ich dich verlasse?

    it doesn't matter to me what you do — es ist mir (ganz) egal, was du machst

    * * *
    matter [ˈmætə(r)]
    A s
    1. Materie f ( auch PHIL, PHYS), Material n, Substanz f, Stoff m:
    organic matter organische Substanz;
    gaseous matter gasförmiger Körper; → foreign 3
    2. a) PHYSIOL Substanz f: → gray matter
    b) MED Eiter m
    3. Sache f ( auch JUR), Angelegenheit f:
    this is an entirely different matter das ist etwas ganz anderes;
    the matter in ( oder at) hand die vorliegende Angelegenheit;
    a matter of convention eine Frage des Anstandes;
    a matter of course eine Selbstverständlichkeit;
    as a matter of course selbstverständlich, natürlich;
    a matter of discretion eine Ermessensfrage;
    a) eine Tatsache,
    b) JUR bes US eine (strittige) Tatfrage;
    as a matter of fact tatsächlich, eigentlich, ehrlich gesagt;
    a matter of form eine Formsache;
    as a matter of form der Form halber;
    matter in issue JUR Streitgegenstand m, Streitsache f;
    it is a matter of life and death es geht um Leben und Tod;
    as a matter of principle grundsätzlich, prinzipiell;
    it is a matter of finishing in time es geht darum, rechtzeitig fertig zu werden;
    a matter of taste (eine) Geschmackssache;
    a matter of time eine Frage der Zeit, eine Zeitfrage;
    for that matter eigentlich;
    a) hinsichtlich (gen),
    b) JUR in Sachen (A. gegen B.); → conscience Bes Redew, fact 1, laughing B 2, opinion 1
    4. pl (ohne Artikel) die Sache, die Dinge pl:
    a) die Sache schlimmer machen,
    b) (Redew) was die Sache noch schlimmer macht;
    carry matters too far es zu weit treiben;
    as matters stand wie die Dinge liegen, nach Lage der Dinge;
    matters were in a mess es war eine verfahrene Geschichte
    5. the matter die Schwierigkeit:
    what’s the matter? was ist los?, wo fehlts?;
    what’s the matter with it (with him)? was ist (los) damit (mit ihm)?;
    what’s the matter with having the occasional glass of wine? was ist (schon) dabei, wenn man ab und zu ein Glas Wein trinkt?;
    what’s the matter now? was ist denn jetzt schon wieder los?;
    there’s nothing the matter nichts ist los;
    no matter! es hat nichts zu sagen!, nichts von Bedeutung!;
    it’s no matter whether … es spielt keine Rolle, ob …;
    no matter what he says was er auch sagt; ganz egal, was er sagt;
    no matter who … gleichgültig oder ganz egal, wer …;
    it made no matter to him that … es machte ihm nichts aus, dass …
    it’s a matter of £5 es kostet 5 Pfund;
    in a matter of weeks in ein paar Wochen;
    a matter of three weeks ungefähr drei Wochen;
    it is only a matter of minutes till … es kann nur ein paar Minuten dauern, bis …;
    it was a matter of 5 minutes es dauerte nur 5 Minuten;
    in a matter of minutes in Minutenschnelle;
    in a matter of seconds in Sekundenschnelle;
    it’s a matter of common knowledge es ist allgemein bekannt
    7. Anlass m, Veranlassung f ( beide:
    for zu):
    a matter for reflection etwas zum Nachdenken
    8. (Ggs äußere Form)
    a) Stoff m, Thema n, (behandelter) Gegenstand, Inhalt m (eines Buches etc)
    b) (innerer) Gehalt, Substanz f:
    strong in matter but weak in style inhaltlich stark, aber stilistisch schwach;
    matter and manner Gehalt und Gestalt
    9. Literaturgeschichte: Sagenstoff m, -kreis m:
    matter of France matière de France (um Karl den Großen);
    matter of Britain Bretonischer Sagenkreis (um König Arthur)
    10. Material n, Stoff m, Unterlagen pl ( alle:
    for für, zu):
    11. Logik: Inhalt m (eines Satzes)
    12. Postsache f: → print A 3
    13. TYPO
    a) Manuskript n
    b) (Schrift)Satz m: → dead A 23, live2 A 13
    B v/i
    1. von Bedeutung sein (to für), darauf ankommen ( to sb jemandem):
    it doesn’t matter es macht nichts (aus), es tut nichts;
    it didn’t matter to them es machte ihnen nichts aus;
    it hardly matters to me es macht mir nicht viel aus;
    it little matters es spielt kaum eine Rolle, es ist ziemlich einerlei
    2. MED eitern
    * * *
    1. noun
    1) (affair) Angelegenheit, die

    that's another or a different matter altogether or quite another matter — das ist etwas ganz anderes

    and to make matters worse... — und was die Sache noch schlimmer macht/machte,...

    2) (cause, occasion)

    a/no matter for or of... — ein/kein Grund od. Anlass zu...

    3) (topic) Thema, das; Gegenstand, der
    4)

    a matter of... — (something that amounts to) eine Frage (+ Gen.)...; eine Sache von...

    it's a matter of taste/habit — das ist Geschmack- / Gewohnheitssache

    [only] a matter of time — [nur noch] eine Frage der Zeit

    it's just a matter of working harder — man muss sich ganz einfach [bei der Arbeit] mehr anstrengen

    Do you know him? - Yes, as a matter of fact, I do — Kennst du ihn? - Ja, ich kenne ihn tatsächlich

    5)

    what's the matter? — was ist [los]?

    is something the matter? — stimmt irgendetwas nicht?; ist [irgend]was (ugs.) ?

    6)
    7)

    no matter! — [das] macht nichts!

    no matter how/who/what/why — etc. ganz gleich od. egal (ugs.), wie/wer/was/warum usw.

    8) (material, as opposed to mind, spirit, etc.) Materie, die

    [in]organic/solid/vegetable matter — [an]organische/feste/pflanzliche Stoffe

    2. intransitive verb

    what does it matter? — was macht das schon?; was macht's? (ugs.)

    what matters is that... — worum es geht, ist...

    doesn't matter — [das] macht nichts (ugs.)

    it doesn't matter how/when — etc. es ist einerlei, wie/wann usw.

    does it matter to you if...? — macht es dir etwas aus, wenn...?

    the things which matter in life — [das,] worauf es im Leben ankommt

    * * *
    n.
    Angelegenheit f.
    Gegenstand m.
    Grund ¨-e m.
    Materie -n f.
    Sache -n f.

    English-german dictionary > matter

  • 20 reduce

    rɪˈdju:s гл.
    1) а) ослаблять, понижать, сокращать, уменьшать We have been able to reduce our tax bill by 10%. ≈ Мы сумели уменьшить сумму налога на десять процентов. Syn: abate, curtail, diminish, lower Ant: enhance, enlarge, escalate, extend, raise б) понижать в должности и т. п. to reduce to a lower rank воен. ≈ понизить в звании в) ослабить;
    вызвать похудение;
    худеть, соблюдать диету для похудения to be reduced to a shadow/skeleton ≈ превратиться в тень (в скелет) Hunger had reduced the poor dog to skin and bone. ≈ От голода несчастный пес был кожа да кости. She has been reducing for six weeks. ≈ Она уже шесть недель на диете.
    2) а) превращать, обращать;
    переводить (в другие, более мелкие меры, единицы и т. п.) The whole town was reduced to ashes in the bombing. ≈ Бомбардировка преваритла весь город в кучку пепла. б) мат. сокращать, преобразовывать;
    приводить;
    приводить к более простому виду в) доводить( до какого-л. состояния) г) сводить, приводить ( to - к чему-л.) Now all history is reduced to the syllables of our name. ≈ Все в данный момент сводится к звукам наших имен (Питер Хэммилл, "Натюрморт") The facts may all be reduced to three headings. ≈ Все сводится к трем фактам.
    3) а) вынуждать, заставлять б) побеждать, покорять After a long siege they reduced the fort. ≈ После долгой осады они взяли форт.
    4) мед. вправлять (вывих) ;
    исправлять положение осколков кости
    5) хим. восстанавливать, раскислять( обыкн. to) снижать;
    сбавлять, уменьшать;
    сокращать - to * expenditure сокращать расходы - to * taxes снижать налоги - to * vitality понижать жизнеспособность - to * speed уменьшать /сбавлять/ скорость - to * the likelihood of war уменьшить опасность возникновения войны - to * the term of imprisonment сократить срок тюремного заключения - * that passage to half the number of words сократите это место( текста) наполовину ослаблять, уменьшать - to * pain облегчать боль - to * one's sight вызвать ослабление зрения - old age *s one's power to remember names and figures в старости память на имена и цифры слабеет худеть;
    соблюдать диету для похудения - to * in weight терять в весе - to * by 10 pounds похудеть на 10 фунтов, сбросить 10 фунтов - to * from 160 pounds to 120 pounds весить 120 фунтов вместо прежних 160 - she has been reducing for six weeks она шесть недель сидит на диете, чтобы похудеть вызывать похудение, истощать - to be greatly *d by illness исхудать во время болезни - to be *d to a shadow превратиться в тень - *d almost to nothing кожа да кости - exercise *s stout people от моциона полные люди худеют превращать, обращать - to * to powder истолочь - to * to its elements /components/ разложить на части - to * to ashes сжечь дотла - to * to dust стереть в порошок - to * to matchwood изрубить в щепки - to * wood to pulp превратить древесину в целлюлозу - to * theory to practice применить теорию на практике - to * to writing изложить в письменной форме - to be *d to a nervous wreck дойти до полного нервного истощения - water can be * to oxygen and hydrogen by electrolysis электролизом можно разложить воду на кислород и водород - his clothes were *d to rags его одежда превратилась в лохмотья - passions *d to memories пылкие чувства, превратившиеся в воспоминания переводить, превращать (в другие, более мелкие меры, единицы и т. п.) - to * yards to inches переводить ярды в дюймы - to * pounds to pence превращать /обращать/ фунты в пенсы (математика) сокращать, преобразовывать;
    приводить - to * a common fraction to a decimal превращать простую дробь в десятичную - to * fractions to a common denominator приводить дроби к общему знаменателю - to * to scale приводить к заданному масштабу;
    уменьшать до заданного масштаба приводить (в определенную систему, порядок и т. п.) - to * to a system привести в систему - to * to classes классифицировать - to * to order /to an orderly arrangement/ привести в порядок;
    навести /восстановить/ порядок доводить (до какого-л. состояния) - to * to begging довести до нищеты - to be *d to penury дойти до нищеты, впасть в нужду - he was *d to stealing он был вынужден воровать;
    он дошел до того, что стал вором - he employed an accountant to * his money affairs to some semblance of order он нанял счетовода, чтобы привести свои денежные дела хоть в какой-то порядок сводить( к чему-л.) - to * to nothing свести на нет - to * everything to a single principle подвести все под один принцип - to * anomalies to rule подвести отклонения под правило - to * to an absurdity довести до абсурда - to * bribery to a system возвести /превратить/ взяточничество в систему - the facts may all be *d to three headings эти факты можно свести к трем рубрикам - this *d him to asserting /(редк) to assert/ an absurdity из-за этого /в итоге/ он договорился до абсурда - an able barrister *d the prosecutor's submissions to nothing опытный адвокат камня на камне не оставил от утверждений прокурора - irony *d to an art тончайшая ирония - the whole question *s itself to the question whether... весь вопрос сводится к тому, было лИ... понижать в должности, звании и т. п. - to * to the rank (военное) разжаловать в рядовые - to * to a lower rank (военное) понизить в звании заставлять, вынуждать - to * to silence заставить замолчать - to * to submission принудить к повиновению - to * smb. to discipline дисциплинировать кого-л. - you must * those boys to order вы должны заставить этих ребят слушаться - the Indians were *d to small reservations индейцев загнали в тесные резервации покорять, подчинять себе, побеждать - after a long siege they * the fort после долгой осады они захватили форт (военное) подавлять( огневую точку) упрощать( что-л.) - to * an argument упростить рассуждение( математика) приводить /преобразовывать/ к более простому виду укорачивать - to * the length of a skirt укоротить юбку - to * an article сократить /урезать/ статью (медицина) вправлять (вывих) ;
    исправлять положение отломков кости (устаревшее) вернуть (былое) ;
    восстановить (положение) (фонетика) редуцировать, ослаблять ( техническое) измельчать;
    размалывать - to * clods измельчать комки разбавить( вино) ;
    развести( краску и т. п.) (фотографическое) уменьшать плотность( негатива) раскислять (химическое) восстанавливать (специальное) пересчитывать показатели на нормальную температуру и давление ~ похудеть;
    to be reduced to a shadow (или to a skeleton) превратиться в тень (в скелет) ~ ослабить;
    вызвать похудение;
    he is greatly reduced by illness во время болезни он очень похудел reduce мед. вправлять ( вывих) ;
    исправлять положение обломков кости ~ доводить до (to) ~ ослабить;
    вызвать похудение;
    he is greatly reduced by illness во время болезни он очень похудел ~ ослаблять ~ понижать в должности;
    to reduce to a lower rank воен. понизить в звании ~ покорять, побеждать ~ понижать, ослаблять, уменьшать, сокращать;
    to reduce one's expenditure сокращать свои расходы ~ понижать (в должности) ~ похудеть;
    to be reduced to a shadow (или to a skeleton) превратиться в тень (в скелет) ~ мат. превращать (именованные числа) ;
    приводить к общему знаменателю ~ превращать в другую валюту ~ предварительно обрабатывать ~ предварительно преобразовывать ~ приводить в определенное состояние;
    сводить, приводить ( to - к) ;
    to reduce to begging довести до нищеты ~ хим. раскислять, восстанавливать ~ сбавлять ~ сводить, превращать ~ снижать ~ сокращать, снижать, уменьшать ~ сокращать ~ уменьшать ~ уменьшить ~ вчт. упростить ~ вчт. упрощать ~ упрощать ~ понижать, ослаблять, уменьшать, сокращать;
    to reduce one's expenditure сокращать свои расходы to ~ prices снижать цены;
    to reduce the length of a skirt укоротить юбку;
    to reduce the term of imprisonment сократить срок тюремного заключения to ~ prices снижать цены;
    to reduce the length of a skirt укоротить юбку;
    to reduce the term of imprisonment сократить срок тюремного заключения to ~ the temperature снизить температуру;
    to reduce the vitality понижать жизнеспособность to ~ prices снижать цены;
    to reduce the length of a skirt укоротить юбку;
    to reduce the term of imprisonment сократить срок тюремного заключения to ~ the temperature снизить температуру;
    to reduce the vitality понижать жизнеспособность ~ понижать в должности;
    to reduce to a lower rank воен. понизить в звании to ~ to an absurdity доводить до абсурда;
    to reduce to elements разложить на части ~ приводить в определенное состояние;
    сводить, приводить (to - к) ;
    to reduce to begging довести до нищеты to ~ to an absurdity доводить до абсурда;
    to reduce to elements разложить на части to ~ to silence заставить замолчать;
    to reduce to submission принудить к повиновению to ~ to silence заставить замолчать;
    to reduce to submission принудить к повиновению

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > reduce

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